Modern World History finals study guide

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa

emperor of Ethiopia (1889),played Italians, French, British against each other-built large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia, 1889,signed treaty with Italy-after, discovered differences between wording of treaty in Ethiopian language and Italian,Declared war in 1896-Battle of Adowa

foreign policy based on consideration of strategic location/products of lands

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

helped Siam modernized -Siam started schools, reformed legal system, reorganized government -Built railroads + telegraph systems + ended slavery

leader of Filipino nationalists, claimed U.S. had promised immediate independence after Spanish-American War ended

adding a region to the territory of an existing political unit

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

An exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a country.

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

proposed China's doors be open to merchants of all nations, the policy protected U.S. trading rights in China and China's freedom from colonization

1900 revolt in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

the period of Japanese history from 1867 to 1912, during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito.

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Native American from Oaxaca, first full blooded man to become ruler of Latin American country, lawyer + governor of Oaxaca-not military leader,1850, voluntary exile during Santa Ana's rule-returned to power in 1858 - elected president in 1860

Military leader that seized lands of wealthy and redistributed to the poor, Robin hood

military leader form central southern Mexico, raised army against diaz, followers go by land or liberty, murdered 1919

a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

in WWI, nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along other nations that fought on their side

nations of Great Britain, France, Russia and everyone who fought on their side and soviet Union+U.S.

region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central powers battled each other

Germany's military plan at the Outbreak of WWI, according to Which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia

form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the Battlefield

region along Germany-Russian border where russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks

conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

limiting the amounts of goods people can buy, often imposed by governments during wartime when goods in short supply

information or material spread to advance a cause or damage to an opponent's case

use of submarines to sink without warning any ship found in an enemy's waters

agreement to stop fighting

series of proposals in Which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving lasting peace after WWI

freedom where people get to decide what form of government they want to live in

peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after WWI

international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations

group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

political party practicing ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin, originally the Russian Bolshevik party

government control over every aspect of public and private life

campaign of terror in Soviet Union where Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power

conomic system where the government makes all economic decisions

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy

large government controlled farm formed by combining many small farms

6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces

deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust

peaceful protest against the Salt Acts in India which Mohandas Gandhi led his followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea where they made their own salt from evaporated seawater

republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S stock market in 1929

political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one party rule

fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers party based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry

"My Struggle"- a book by Adolf Hitler during imprisonment in 1923 in which he set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany

"living space"-the additional territory that Germany needed because it was overcrowded according to Hitler

making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, Germany in which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czech in return for Hitler's pledge to respect Czech's new borders

nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan which formed an alliance in 1936 during World War II

policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

Third German Empire established by Hitler in 1930s

agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another

"lightening war"- form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces

series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain in 1940

1942 sea an air battle of WWII where American forces defeated Japanese forces in central pacific

germanic people who formed "master race" to the Nazis

mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians carried out by Nazi government of Germany before and during WWII

"night of broken glass"- November 9, 1938 when Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

battle of WWII where German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union, 1942-1943

June 6, 1944 day where Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during World War II

battle where Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II, 1944-1945

during World War II Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them

series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II where Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of the war, and crimes against humanity

a reduction in the country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons

process of creating a government elected by the people

organization intended to protect members against aggression, based in New York

represented Europe's division into democratic Western Europe + Communist Eastern Europe

blocked Soviet influence + stopped expansion of communism

Truman's support for countries that rejected communism

provided food, machinery, + other materials to rebuild Western Europe

struggle over political differences by means short of military action or war- Between US + USSR

North Atlantic Treaty Organization-defensive military alliance

included Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania-Alliance formed by Soviet Union

Larger collective farms

militia units during the cultural revolution

major uprising- Goal: establish a society of peasants + workers that were all equal

Vietnamese nationalist, turned to Communists for help-Indochinese communist party led revolts + strikes against French, Ho sentenced to death

Communist guerillas

Communist rebels, set up brutal Communist government under leadership of Pol Pot

eveloping nations, newly independent who were not aligned with either superpower

"third force" of independent countries

Young lawyer- led revolution over Cuban resentment-Castro= harsh dictator: suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents + tightly controlled press

Leader of religious opposition (Ayatollahs)

policy of lessening Cold War tensions

India's national political party

Founded in 1906 in India-protected Muslim interest

division of India into separate Hindu + Muslim nations

India's first prime minister as independent nation

elected president of Philippines in 1965- country suffered under his rule-imposed authoritarian regime + stole millions of dollars from public treasury

challenged Marcos, Aquino won but Marcos refused to acknowledge victory- under presidency, Philippine government ratified new constitution

daughter of Aung Sun- became active in newly formed naional league of Democracy placed under hous arrest for 6 years by government

led effort to establish independent Indonesia-August 1945 proclaimed Indonesia's independence and named himself president

seized power for himself and began bloodbath in which 500,000-1,000,00 indonesians were killed, officially named president in 1967, turned Indonesia into Police State and imposed frequent periods of martial law

movement to celebrate African culture, heritage + values

leader of large nonviolent movement, worked to liberate Gold Coast from British-organized strikes, + boycotts and often imprisoned but efforts successful

leader of Kenyan nationalists-worked hard to unite country's various ethnic and language groups

army officer-ruled country and renamed Zaire, maintained control through combination of force, one party rule, gifts to supporters

Palestine Liberation Organization-pushed for formation of Palestinian state-Guerilla groups dominated organization + insisted armed struggle only way to achieve goal

chairman of PLO

ended 30 years of hostility between Egypt + Israel- became first signed agreement between Israel + Arab country

"Uprising"

AKA Declaration of Principles-surprise agreement

holy warriors, Afghan rebels

institutional revolutionary party of Mexico

temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest

South African policy of complete legal separation of the races including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites

Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev

restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-making, begun by Gorbachev

Commonwealth of Independent States-loose association of former Soviet republics that were formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union

economic program implemented in Russia by Boris Yeltsin-involving an abrupt shift from a command economy to a free market economy

Polish labor union that during the 1980s became the main force of opposition to the Communist party rule in Poland

bringing together again of things that have been separated like the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany in 1990

policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia's Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia

set of goals adopted by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in late 20th century involving progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology

huge public space in Beijing in 1989, the site of a student uprising in support of democratic reforms

nation with all the facilities needed for the advanced production of manufactured goods

nation in which the process of industrialization is not yet complete

all the financial interactions involving people, businesses, and governments that cross international borders

commerce between nations without economic restrictions or barriers

layer of Earth's upper atmosphere which protects living things from the sun's damaging ultraviolet rays

economic development that meets people's needs but preserves the environment and conserves resources for future generations

20th century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease resistant crops

growth or spread-especially the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not currently have them

difference of opinion over political issues

1948 statement where the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security

difference between men and women in terms of wealth and status

person who leaves his or her country to move to another to find safety

he use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies

politically motivated attacks on information systems

U.S federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

antiterrorism bill of 2001 that strengthened governmental rights to detain foreigners suspected of terrorism and prosecute terrorist crimes