Modern World History Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution

Belief that earth was the center of the universe

New way scientists were looking at the natural world; careful observation and desire to question; caused by exploration, printing press, navagation

Came up with the heliocentric theory; feared persecution A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Belief that the sun is at the center of the universe

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Built the telescope in 1609; wrote Starry Messenger; put on trial for heresy; confessed Copernicus was wrong; lived under house arrest until death

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

developed the scientific method

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Called the father of Biology. He is one of the first people to undertake the systematic and scientific study of the human body.

Made first vaccine for smallpox

Scientist who found out matter was made up of small particles Father of modern chemistry

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.

Thought all humans are wicked, need strong ruler to keep order; wrote Leviathan

Book written by Thomas Hobbes

Agreement by people to create a government because they need it; thought of by Thomas Hobbes

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

had the idea of having three branches of government so that no one branch may have too much power

Philosophe who wanted direct democracy; no classes, no nobility Wrote the Social Contract; Believed freedom is society's general will

Believed women needed education and should have jobs British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

City that was the capital of the Enlightenment

An intellectual social gathering held by wealthy women

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

A collection of essays and articles by Denis Diderot; angered church and government

Grand, ornate, elaborate style

Simple, elegant style

Rulers who respected enlightenment, but did not want to give up their power

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Russian ruler; educated; wanted to reform- failed; promised to free serfs but never did

King of England during the American Revolution

Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776

Documents of the new American government that had too weak of a central government

Document of the new American government that had a stronger central government

Power divided between national and state governments; American government

Amendments to protect basic rights; American government First 10 amendments

(1546-1601), established himself as Europe's leading astronomer, collected a mass of data, believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that system revolved around the earth-moon system

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Italian physicist who invented the barometer (used to forecast weather) and made many advances in optics.

A combination of discoveries and circumstances including: exploration of Africa, Asia in the Americas. This led to the thought that there were new truths to be found, navigators needed better equipment and people wanted to know more

Father of microbiology