Jean Piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the
mid 1990's
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by
observing his own children
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive scheme
sorting by color
According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing schemes is called
accomodation
Tim likes to explore his parents' house through touch. One day he touches the oven and burns his hand. Tim learns that although some objects are safe to touch, ovens are not. According to Piaget, this is an example of:
negative reinforcement
How many stages of cognitive development did Piaget identify?
four
The Piagetian stage during which understanding of the world comes about through sensory experiences and motor actions is the:
sensorimotor stage
According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants is
reflexive
When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he does search for it, reflecting his development of
object permance
The first substage of preoperational thought is the
symbolic function substage
Piaget's most famous conservation task study involved:
identical beakers of liquid
Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that Piaget's theory:
needs to be modified
The Piagetian concept in which an infant searches for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than looking for it in a new location is called:
AB error
In talking with Grandma on the phone, Jake suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Jake says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and says good
egocentrism
A young child might be heard saying, "The moon is smiling at me." The child's belief that the moon has "human" qualities and is capable of action is referred
animism
In Piaget's theory, "operations" refer to
internalized mental actions
A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is called:
equlibration
_______ is clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation when they focus their attention on one characteristic (such as height or length) to the exclusion of other characteristics.
centration
To understand the relationships among relatives on a family tree, children need to be able to use the skill of:
classification.
Tyrell understands that his father can also be a son and a brother, all at the same time. This suggests that Tyrell is in the:
concrete operational stage.
During what stage of development can a child take a pile of rocks and place them in order from largest to smallest?
concrete operations
Reversible mental actions are called:
operations.
According to Piaget, _______ operational thought comes into play between 11 and 15 years of age.
formal
In Piagetian terms, the cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence is called:
hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Research suggests that the age at which individuals acquire conservation skills is associated with:
the degree to which their culture provides relevant practices.
According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:
egocentrism.
Stephanie, a 15-year-old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. This exemplifies the concept of:
imaginary audience.
Which of the following educational practices is supported by Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Classrooms should be less structured, allowing for discovery learning.
Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision are called:
neo-Piagetians.
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is similar to Piaget's theory in that it:
emphasizes that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
Tasks in the upper limit of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) are ones:
that are too difficult for a child to perform without assistance.
According to Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), learning is:
a social activity between a less knowledgeable child and another adult or child who is more knowledgeable.
A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development if:
the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
_____ occurs when a teacher adjusts his or her level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student.
Scaffolding
Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought?
All mental functions have social origins.
Latoya talks to herself often, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Vygotsky would say Latoya is:
using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best reflects a(n):
social constructivist approach.
With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that:
adults likely do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect
Life-span development students often complain, "Why do we have to learn all of these theories? Why don't you just teach us the right one?" This complaint reflects:
absolute, dualistic thinking
Postformal thought is considered to be:
provisional
The information-processing approach is primarily concerned with the processes of:
attention, memory, and thinking.
When analogies are drawn between computers and mental processes, the physical brain is referred to as the:
hardware
The process by which information gets into memory is called:
encoding.
Metacognition is:
knowing about knowing.
The information-processing approach differs from Piaget's theory of cognitive development in that it:
does not see development as occurring abruptly in distinct stages.
Hoyer and Roodin (2009) found that:
strategies people learn through experience may compensate for any decline in professing speed that comes with age.
The ability to concentrate and focus mental resources is referred to as:
reaction time.
According to psychologists, vigilance is the same as:
sustained attention.
Andrea shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is demonstrating:
habituation
Habituation involves _______, whereas dishabituation involves _______.
decreased attention/increased attention
Which of the following is an example of dishabituation?
Myra regains interest in a rattle after having put it down a few minutes earlier.
Jenny's earliest memory is of her baby brother being born when she was 3 years old. Her inability to remember anything before this is an example of:
infantile amnesia.
According to the schema theory of memory, people:
change details according to their own schemas.
14.A common memory problem for older adults is:
tip-of-the tongue (TOT) phenomenon.
Gabriel is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus, we would expect him to have:
implicit but not explicit memory.
In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to:
15 to 30 seconds.
Working memory is also called:
short-term memory, but different to include a "workbench."
Why does memory span improve as children get older?
They develop better strategies.
Which of the following children is most likely to be susceptible to misleading suggestions?
Andrew, a 4-year-old preschooler
Which memory strategy works best for short-term memory?
Rehearsal
_______ memory refers to memory of facts and experiences that individuals know and can state.
Declarative
Gail is typing on a computer keyboard without consciously searching for the correct keys. She is demonstrating:
implicit memory.
The fact that older adults benefit from training in mnemonics indicates that they can learn to improve their:
memory skills.
Categories that group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties are called:
concepts
Which disease has been lined to cognitive drop-offs in adults?
Hypertension
Elliott is a student in a school where each student takes a turn leading small-group discussions. The students discuss complex passages, collaborate, and share their individual expertise and perspectives. This educational process is called:
reciprocal teaching.
Which of the following tasks has been used by researchers to examine how children use rules to solve problems?
Balance scale problem
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes experts from novices?
Experts have better long-term memories.
Which of the following statements is false in regard to metamemory?
It includes accurate recall of factual knowledge.
In terms of theory of mind, which of the following is not understood by 2- to 3-year-old children?
false beliefs
_______ is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experience.
intelligence
The intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon (1904) was designed to:
determine which schoolchildren would not profit from typical school instruction.
Sally's mental age is 12, while her chronological age is 10. Sally's intelligence quotient is:
120
When test scores are normally distributed around the average score, it means that:
most people score in the average range and few people score very high or very low.
When compared to the Binet intelligence test, the Wechsler test offers the advantage of:
both verbal and nonverbal scores.
In Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence, "g" refers to:
general intelligence.
A statistical procedure that correlates test scores to identify underlying clusters is called a(n):
factor analysis.
Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of intelligence both emphasize that:
there are different types of intelligence.
Indira grew up in poverty and first learned to care for herself and her younger brother by selling newspapers and developing "street smarts." Although she never went to school, she has become successful in business. In terms of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which type of intelligence does Indira have?
Practical
Juan is an architect. According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence does Juan have?
Spatial
Howard Gardner has developed _______ types of intelligence.
8
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences:
people have multiple intelligences.
Which of the following tests requires individuals to solve practical everyday problems?
Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test
A heritability index of 0.80 indicates:
a strong genetic influence.
A performance standard for an IQ test is called a:
norm
The Abecedarian Intervention program has demonstrated that:
environment can have a powerful influence on intelligence.
Which researcher developed an intelligence assessment with a "developmental quotient" score?
Gesell
Which intelligence assessment elicits similar performances from infants in different cultures and is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children?
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
Jarod is an adolescent African American. When taking an intelligence test, he is anxious about possibly confirming the old stereotype that Blacks are "intellectually inferior." He is displaying the effects of:
stereotype threat.
The Gesell test used to assess normal and abnormal infants has four categories of behavior. The four categories are:
language, adaptive, personal-social, and motor.
Which assessment tool has a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile?
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Fluid intelligence is the ability to
reason abstractly.
According to John Horn, in middle age:
crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline.
Data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study has shown that the highest level of functioning for four of the six intellectual abilities tested occurred in:
middle adulthood.
The research on wisdom suggests that
personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors.
Organic retardation is caused by:
a genetic disorder or by brain damage.
Everett, a 10-year-old boy, has an IQ of 48 on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and he has difficulty adapting in his everyday life, but his teachers expect he may be able to support himself as an adult through some type of labor. He would be classified as:
mildly retarded.
Hyun-Joo is asked to come up with as many possible uses of a paper clip as possible. This task requires her to use:
divergent thinking.
The step in the creative process which often covers the longest span of time and requires the hardest work is:
elaboration.
Researchers have found that the age at which creativity declines:
varies with the domain involved.
Language is most accurately defined as a system of _______ that allow for communication with others.
symbols
Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still combine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:
morphology
The word ending -ing is an example of a:
morpheme
The sound system of a language is referred to as:
phonology
Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language?
phonology
Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?
semantics
Pointing to a tree, young Ramal says, "bird flied away." Ramal's inaccurate use of the "ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _______ rules of language.
morphological
Yoshi is learning that there are many different ways to say "thank you" in Japanese. It depends on several things, such as the gender and social status of the recipient. This use of appropriate conversation demonstrates:
pragmatics.
Which of the following is the correct sequence in which babies produce sounds and gestures during their first year?
crying-cooing-babbling-gestures
An infant's first word is usually spoken, on average, at about ____ months of age.
13
Compared to 50 years ago, children's first words today are:
the same
A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with:
maternal language and literacy skills.
The ability to think about language is called:
metalinguistic awareness.
Which approach to reading instruction includes learning complete words or entire sentences?
whole language approach
In the debate over whether the whole language approach or the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read:
researchers have not been able to document that either approach is better.
Researchers have found that bilingual education programs:
allow children to successfully learn academic subjects while slowly learning English.
The optimal time for learning a second language is:
none of these
Edward says to his teacher, "All the world's a stage." He is using:
metaphor
At what point do individuals begin to understand metaphors and satire?
Adolescence
Caricatures are an example of:
satire
A language disorder resulting from brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words is:
aphasia
The concept of the language acquisition device is an example of how:
biological evolution influenced human language acquisition.
Chomsky's theory of language development emphasizes:
biological mechanisms.
_______ stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world and that early in their development they can understand the intentions of other people.
Michael Tomasello
Which of the following is not a criticism of the behaviorist view of language acquisition?
Reinforcement is not effective with infants and very young children, therefore language must be acquired through some other process.
Aunt Alice is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alice's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like "goo goo" and "ba ba." This change in Aunt Alice's language behavior is an example of:
child-directed speech.
In a study conducted by Betty Hart and Todd Risley (1995), what was the main difference between the way middle-class parents and welfare parents interacted with their children?
Parents on welfare talked much less to their young children than professional parents.
Little Lisa points to a ball and says "Color dat ball." Her father responds with "What color is the ball?" This is an example of:
recasting.
Andrew sees a cat on the lawn and says to his mother, "Kitty run." His mother responds, "Yes, the kitty is running." This is an example of:
expanding.