IB History HL Paper 2

A form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military, (used by Viet Kong)

A war or conflict between two groups within the same nation, (the Vietnamese viewed Vietnam as a Civil War and not an international conflict)

Countries do not expend all of the resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise in a specific conflict, (Vietnam was a limited war for the U.S.)

A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded, (World War I and II were total wars for the Axis/Central and Allies; these are the wars you don't want to lose)

1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 2. Colonial Imperialism 3. Heavy Nationalism amongst empires 4. Secret Alliances

1. Trench Warfare (open plane warfare was no longer a thing) 2. Submarines 3. Machine Guns 4. Chemical Warfare

The Allies had much more potential wealth to spend on the war than the Central powers; Allies spent $147 billion and the Central powers spent $61 billion

Manufacturing had to be directed towards weapons and military materials; Women played a large role on the homefront and following the war were rewarded the right to vote (U.S., Germany, Britain, Austria, Russia and Canada)

4 empires collapsed; Central and Eastern Europe were divided into too many unstable countries; Germany forced to pay war reparations and becomes economically and politically unstable; League of Nations established but the U.S. never joins and it never really accomplishes anything

1. Reparations and restraints placed on Germany after WWI 2. Japanese militarism 3. Italian and German Fascism

1. Penicillin (to treat injuries) 2. The speed and firepower of tanks 3. Aircraft carriers (important in the Pacific) 4. Aircrafts as bombers and fighters

In the U.S.- Japanese internment camps; Bombings made for a lot of civilian casualties and destroyed many cities

Holocaust killed millions of Jews and others; The U.S. and the Soviet Union arose as the two superpowers; set stage for Cold War; nuclear weapons now an international threat

Result of the Argentine invasion of the British owned Falkland islands. Argentina had long claimed the islands as theirs and then just showed up one day and took over. The British responded and sent naval forces over to make the Argentinian occupiers surrender in June, 1982.

Argentina thought the Falklands rightly belonged to them and therefore landed forces in the Falklands to take them from Britain

In Argentina, the defeat led to the removal of President Galtieri; his fall paved the way for democracy to be restored in Argentina; despite its defeat, Argentina still claims the Falklands

Most Nicaraguans lived in poverty with one family being in power for decades; the U.S. was interested in building a canal, so deployed troops to keep political system stable; Somoza put relatives in government positions and did not help the poor