HLTH 210 Exam 1

The state of complete mental, physical, & social well being, not merely the absense of disease. a dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional, a resource for living, and results from a person's interactions with and adaptation to the environment.

The health status of a defined group of people & the actions & conditions to promote, protect, & preserve their health

Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices/sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt & maintain healthy behaviors

Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions & conditions of living conducive to the health of the individual, groups, & comminities

The science & art of protecting & improving the health of communties through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, & research for diseases & injury prevention

Health problems, issues, & concerns that transcend national boundaries & are beyond the control of individual nations, & are best addressed by cooperative actions & solutions

The health status of people who are not organized & have no identity as a group or locality

Organized set of policies, procedures, & activities designed to protect, promote, & improve the health & well-being of pre-k through 12 students & staff, thus improving a students ability to learn

An approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects of a persons life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions & behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness

An individual who has met baccalaurate-level required health educational academic preparation qualifications, who serves in a variety of settings; able to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, & systems conducive to health of individuals, groups, and communities. -- needed for health ed/promotion interventions

Measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population

Most frequently used to measure seriousness of injury/disease

Expressed for a total population

Expressed for a total population but statistically adjusted for certain characteristics (i.e. age)

Rate for a particular population subgroup. -- particular disease = disease-specific

average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age; based on a given set of age-specific death rates. -- may be determined by sex, race, origins, and characteristics.

Measure of premature morality

A measure of health that takes into effect the severity of the health condition, age, and impact on the future; measures the burden of living with a disability; one lost year of "healthy" life as a result of being in states of poor health or disability.

The number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population; based on disability & life expectancy rather than mortality.

A person's or a group's general well-being

Those aspects of overall quality of life that can be clearly shown to affect health -- either physical or mental

Late 19th century-1950s, public health efforts focused upon the control of infectious diseases. 1950s-Present, focus on chronic (fectious) diseases & diseases related to lifestye

1. Assessing the needs of the priority population 2. Setting goals & objectives 3. Developing an intervention that considers the peculiarities of the setting 4. Implimenting the intervention 5. Evaluating the results

1. Human biology 2. Environment 3. Lifestyles 4. Healthcare organization

1. Genetics 2. Health behavior 3. Social circumstances 4. Environmental condition 5. Health services

Health educ/promotion as an emerging profession is just over 100 years old

India- 1st signs of sanitation; creation of bathroom, drains, paved streets, drained by covered sewers Smith papyri- oldest health related document Code of Hammurabi-laws pertaining to health practices

Known for personal cleanliness & considered healthiest people of their time; primitive medicine; priest-physicians

Extended Egyptian hygienic thouht; formulated the first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus.

- many health advances lost due to political and social unrest (caused by collapse of Roman Empire) - overcrowding - little emphasis on cleanliness/hygiene - Christian beliefs impacted health - characterized by great epidemics- bubonic plague, cholera, syphillis, measles, influenza - THE BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague): > ~ 20-35 million deaths > conflicting view of causation > people either became extremely pious or lost all religion > resulted in punishment of the jews (isolation, segregation, punishment)

- (A.D. 1500-1700) - disease and plague - medical care was rudimentary (blood-letting) - disposal of human waste and severe uncleanliness - superstitions--> systematic inquiry - Gutenberg press = increase in learning & knowledge - John Hunter = father of modern surgery - Van Leeuwenhoek = microscope - Graunt = used stats and epidemiological concepts to study death rates among different populations - HLTH BOARDS FORMED (Italy)

Advancements in microbiology & bacteriology; bacteriology peiod of public health

Health conditions in the US were deplorable; local health boards were formed; conditions of overcrowding, poverty, & filth worsened -Shattuck's Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts -1869 State Boards Of Health created

National Association for the Study & Prevention of Tuberculosis

"Old Deluder" Law 1647- a town with 50 families should establish an elementary school; a town with 100 household should establish a Latin grammar secondary school -Horsce Mann= 1st to teach health, called for manditory hygiene programs

WW1 provided impetus for widespread acceptance of school health education as its own discipline; many men (29%) were rejected from the draft due to physical deficiencies that could have been prevented by school health education.

-health edu -physical health -health services -nutrition services -counseling -health school environment -health promotion for staff -family/community involvement

Focuses on prevention & prevention services by removing cost barriers

The attitudes, beliefs, & values held by an individual/group -"love of wisdom" or "love of learning"

Love of personal opinions; presents problems for health education specialists

Emphasizes creating social, economic, & political change that benefits the health of individuals & groups - example: no smoking allowed in restuarants

Focusus on adapting an approach that is appropriate for a specific setting.

the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and disease.

information gathered when measuring health.

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population along with some specification of time.

to improve the quality of life, even though the quality of life is difficult to quantify.

measure of sickness/illness; incidence or prevalence of a disease.

measure of death; incidence or prevalence of death.

poor nutrition, lack of physical exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, and tobacco use.

- MISSION: identify nationwide health improvement priorities, health education and promotion, provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, state, and local level. - VISION: a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. (health equity, quality, and behavior). - GUIDANCE : guides the nation's health policies and efforts - written using measurable objectives -- IDENTIFICATION : identified the 4 primary modifiable health risk behaviors (lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption)

explains how behavior has multiple levels of influence; individual (knowledge, values, attitude), interpersonal (family, friends, peers), organizational (structure, environment), community (social, networks), and public policy (government policies, laws, regulations).

occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course. (normal)

as unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related event in a population. (above normal)

outbreak of a disease or illness over a wide geographical area (i.e. continent).

all cases, including past cases.

new cases.

aspects of overall quality of life that have been shown to affect health physically and mentally; frequently used with chronic disease.

surveys

True.

Edwin Chadwick (1842, 1848) - formation of the General Board of Health John Snow (1854) - cholera Louis Pasteur (1862) - Germ Theory Robert Koch - microorganisms (anthrax, TB, cholera) Joseph Lister - "safe surgery" (antiseptic surgery)

"Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain" -- led to the formation of the General Board of Health in 1848

studied epidemiological data to determine the source of a cholera epidemic in London source = Broad Street water pump

proposed the Germ Theory of disease -- advanced bacteriology, pasteurization of milk, scientific approach to immunizations.

microbiologist who discovered microorganisms for anthrax, TB, and cholera.

pioneer of antiseptic surgery ("safe surgery") -- discovered a way to reduce infections in wounds (washing hands/clothing, sterilization of surgical instruments).

- disease (small pox, cholera, diphtheria) - disease in southern states/slave trade (yaws, yellow fever, malaria) - QUARANTINE to control diseases - development of health boards (no $, no staff, no enforcement)

Wigglesworth in 1789

- 1798 - hospitals and medical services for sailors - eventually (1912) U.S. Public Health Services

- continued overcrowding, poverty, filth (Industrial Revolution, immigration) - high rates of TB and malaria

addressed public health issues in Massachusetts and recommendations for solving problems.

First State Board of Health established in Massachusetts. Establishment of American Public Health Association.

1980

the number of deaths per 100,000 resident population. -- a.k.a. mortality rates -- quantifies the seriousness of injury or disease

1. Assess the needs of the priority population. 2. Set goals and objectives. 3. Develop an intervention that considers the peculiarities of the setting. 4. Implement the intervention. 5. Evaluate the results.

Past experience, cognitive bases, age & individual differences, and belief in personal relevance.

infectious diseases.

chronic diseases; lifestyle

1970s.

1980s

using statistics. -- paradigm shift to the socioecological model

Rates (death rate, crude rate, adjusted rate, specific rate) Terms: morbidity, mortality, endemic, epidemic, pandemic.

the difference in health between populations often caused by two health inequities - lack of access to care and lack of quality care.

- learned through observation, trial & error - eventually developed health related rules & taboos > preserving food, burying dead, defection away from communal areas and water sources - disease and accidents attributed to magical spirits and gods (superstition) >disease prevention=sacrifices, amulets, avoiding haunted areas - physicians = priests, religious leaders

~1600 B.C.

- (2080 B.C.) - rights and duties of the surgeon - first known fee schedule - surgeon hands cut off if he harmed patient or caused patient's death

- (3000-1500 B.C.) - pharmaceutic prep - sewage and drainage - personal cleanliness

- (1500 B.C.) - bk of Leviticus - personal cleanliness and community responsibilities > protection from contagious diseases, isolation, disinfection, sanitation, hygiene

- (1000-400 B.C.) - disease prevention - focus: nutrition and excretion, exercise and rest >BALANCE > physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), spiritual (theology) > ill health = imbalance - physician role begins to take shape (reputation) - emergence of science - Asclepius - Hippocrates

- god of medicine - Hygeia = power to prevent disease - Panacea = ability to treat disease

- (460 - 377 B.C.) - first epidemiologist - father of modern medicine - theory of disease causation (consistent with balance/imbalance theory - Hippocratic Oath - observed connections between disease and the environment - ideal person: requires daily physical activity, study & PHIL discussion

- provide health ed free of charge - do everything for the good of the patient - do no harm to anyone (no prescription of deadly drugs or provision of pessary for abortion)

- (500 B.C. - A.D. 500) - medically, imitators of the Greeks - engineers, builders, admins. > aqueduct - purification of water, water boards established - FIRST TO BUILD HOSPITALS - created public medical service

- (1700 A.D.) - revolution, industrialization, city growth - MIASMA THEORY = disease was formed in filth and epidemics were caused by poison/vapors - scientific advancement > James Lind = scurvy > Edward Jenner = small pox vaccine - health ed/promotion had still not emerged as profession BUT philosophers promoted health equity and the importance of individual health for the well being of society

a statement summarizing the attitudes, principles, beliefs, and concepts held by an individual or a group. - provides a bridge between theory and practice - helps answer the "whys" of HLTH ed/promotion; reflects your values and beliefs, which determine your purpose for being (Loren Bensley)

- forming both a personal and an occupational philosophy requires reflection and the ability to identify the factors, principles, ideals, and influences that help shape your reality. - guides time commitments a professional chooses to emphasize - plays an important role in a career path

health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components; each one is just as important as the other.

the mind and body distinction disappears, yielding a whole unified being.

always a positive quality that enables a person to strive to reach an optimum state of health in all dimensions (spiritual, physical, intellectual, emotional, social, environmental).

focuses on modifying unhealthy habits. (example: setting up a contract to increase the # of hours you study each week)

focuses on the acquisition of content and factual information (example: statistics about # of people killed in car crashed not wearing seat belts)

emphasizes critical thinking and lifelong learning (example: case study on diets to compare the effectiveness).

focuses on freeing people to make the best health decision for them based on their needs and interests - not necessarily for society.

emphasizes the creation of social, economic, and political change that benefits the health of individuals and groups (example: lessons on the responsibilities of alcohol use - find a way to help them).

focuses on an adapting approach that is appropriate for the setting.

behavior change, cognitive based, decision making, freeing/functioning, social change, eclectic health education/promotion.

the betterment of health. (all philosophies have this goal; they simply differ in how to attain it).

vaccination, motor-vehicle safety, safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke, safer and healthier foods, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.

1865

1910

1911

1918

1918

1930

1. Health 2. Command of fundamental processes 3. Worthy home membership 4. Vocation 5. Citizenship 6. Worth use of leisure time 7. Ethical character

1930s - Social Security Act of 1935

1946

1950

1965

1974.

1979

1990

1996

2002

2004

2010

2010

2011

2012

2013

1842

1848

1849

1862

1875-1900

1799

1850

Because no national or state public health programs existed at the time (1850) and local health agencies that did exist were functioning at a minimal level.

1879

1900-1920

1922

federal government

provided support for state health departments and their programs (funding to develop sanitary facilities and to improve maternal and child health).

The National Institute of Health (previously the Hygienic Laboratory) The Communicable Disease Center (1946) (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

1946

Medicare and Medicaid

Both were created to assist they payment of medical bills. Medicare assists the elderly, while Medicaid assists the poor.

Healthy People

2010