History of Jazz (exam 1: chapters 1-4)

Speed

The organization of recurring pulses into patterns

Volume or loudness

Organized sound and/or silence

Organization of time in music

A unit of pulse

Gradually getting faster

Gradually getting slower

(robbed time) a lack of steady tempo

A measurement of time containing beats, tempo, meter and rhythms

Musical stress (a more forceful or even louder sound)

The first strong beat (beat #1)

A weak beat preceding the downbeat

An accent on either the weak beat or between beats (interuption)

Several dissimilar rhythms performed simultaneously

Long and connected notes

Short, abruptly separated notes

A rhythmic concept

The # of vibration per second (Hertz or Hz) effected by an elastic body when the equilibrium of this boyd is in some way disturbed

A sound that has a highness or lowness depending on its Frequency; often called a note

The doubling of halving of a fundamental frequency creating a pitch that sounds the same yet is higher or lower than the fundamental

The distance between two pitches

An arrangement of pitches that ascends and descends in a fixed and unvarying pattern

The division of the octave into twelve equal pitches called semitones (or half-steps)

The scale containing twelve half steps within the octave, corresponding to all the keys (black and white) within an octave on the piano

The central pitch around which the melody & harmony gravitate

The organization of music around one central tone (the tonic) and the scale built on that tone

Pitches (intervals) sounding agreeable and stable

Pitches (interval) sounding discordant or harsh

a group of notes (scale) with one designated as the tonic

A shift from one key to another

A coherent succession of single pitches, a linear concept

Smooth, scale-like motion by step

Motion by large intervals or leaps

Using the major or minor scale for construction

Using the notes of the chromatic scale

A note that doesn't fit in the major scale. A dissonant note that doesn't fit the harmony and sound "bluesy"

A self-contained portion of a melody theme or tune

A musical punctuation at the end of the phrase

An open-ended phrase (answer)

A closed-ended phrase (answer)

A short melodic fragment

Simultaneous sounding of pitches

Three or more notes played simultaneously

A broken chord or a chord with its notes played in succession

A re-positioning or restructuring of the notes of a chord notes could be added and/or omitted

The successive movement of one chord to the next

The time of rhythmic value in which harmony progresses the regularity and linear motion of chord progressions

When a singer or group of singers sing the same melody (a single melody)

Add harmony to one melody

Have more than one melody

The quality of sound, as distinct from its pitch; also known as tone color

Lowest note to highest note (every instrument has a range)

The range of an instrument or voice: upper register means its highest notes lower register means its lower notes

The highest female register and range (singing)

Low register of a female voice

High male voice

Low male voice

Large dark tone with lowest possible range

The preconceived structures that govern improvisation in jazz

Chorus

Portion of the song that contains the overall "form". One complete cycle of the form is called a chorus

Composing an eight-bar phrase. Repeat it. Contrasting it with a new eight-bar phrase (known as the bridge, or release), ending with a half cadence to drive the piece forward

Roughening, buzzes and ringings

Anyone with mixed blood (French owner's baby from slave)

Anyone mixed that is African American/ French or spanish

Creole of color were educated and high class in society because they were born from the Rich Spanish or French slave owner As time passed creoles of color became like slaves by the time World War I came around Creoles of Color that gained education provided Western musical background because they could read and play musical notes 2000 prostitutes and over 200 Brothels in Storyville Prostitution in New Orleans gave a lot of mixed culture

Terms for sex in the 1800s

Syncopating music

Notorious ragtime composer

1. A rhythmed poetic form (AAB) 2. A sad feeling 3. A genre of music (related to Jazz, but not Jazz) 4. A musical form with a set phrasing and cord progression 5. Any combination of the above

Characteristics of African music/culture retained in African American- American music/culture

A passage at the end of a section which leads to the next section

The creative activity of immediate ("in the moment") musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental technique as well as spontaneous response to other musicians.

A constantly recurring melodic fragment

Head: Original Melody, Form, Chord Progression Solo Chorus: Improvised Melodies, Form, Chord Progression Head: Original Melody, Form, Chord Progression

A rhythmically unpredictable way of playing chords to accompany a soloist; typically one of the variable layers in the rhythm section

Wavering of a pitch

A harmonic progression occurring in George Gershwin's song "I got rhythm"

Begins with an A section (8 bars) followed by a B (8 bars) section and then returns to A before going to C

The use of unusual sounds for expressive purposes

Gertrude Pritchett The Mother of the Blues One of the most popular singers of Vaudeville, or classic blues

Transformed music into cool, middle-class elegance dances known as 'ragtime'

Black band leader who performed 'ragtime' for the Castles'

Conductor and composer whose name was synonymous with brass band excellence Sousaphone was inspired by him

A persuasive principle in folk, pop and art music. It's almost like a conversation

Notes in which the pitch is bent expressively, using variable intonation

The middle part of 32-bar AABA form, which connected, or "bridges" between the A sections; it typically ends with a half cadence

A short, catchy and repeated melodic phrase

The manner of shaping phrases: some musicians play phrases that are short and terse, while others are garrulous and intense

General term for the overall rhythmic framework of a performance

A preexisting melody using as the basis for improvisation

Instruments that provide accompaniment for jazz soloing; harmony instruments (piano, guitar) bass instruments (string bass, tuba), and percussion (drum set)

Two-shoulder level cymbals on an upright pile with a foot pedal at its base; the pedal brings the top cymbal crashing into the lower one with a distinct thunk

A bass line featuring four equal beats per bar, usually used as a rhythmic foundation in Jazz

A passage in which the bass note refuses to move, remaining stationary on a single note

A steady pulsation played on the ride cymbal that forms one of the foundations for modern jazz

In a jam session, "trading" short (usually four-bar) solo back and forth between the drums and the soloists, or between soloists

A technique in which a jazz ensemble, especially the rhythm section, plays twice as fast without changing the length of the overall cycle

A technique in which a band plays a series of short chords a fixed distance apart, creating spaces for an instrument to fill with monophonic improvisation

A composed section of music that frames a small-combo performance, appearing at the beginning and again at the end

A popular song that has become part of the permanent repertory for jazz musicians

An early style of blues, first recorded in the 1920s, featuring itinerant male singers accompanying themselves on guitar

An early theatrical form of the blues featuring female singers, accompanied by a small band

A style of popular music in the early twentieth century that conveyed African American polyrhythm in notated form; includes popular song and dance, although its primarily known today through compositions written for the piano

An unaccompanied, rhythmically loose vocal line that expressed his loneliness and individuality

A type of folk song used during work to regulate physical activity or to engage the worker's attention

African American religious songs

In homophonic texture, an accompanying melodic part with distinct, though subordinate, melodic interest; also known as obbligato

Polyphonic texture, especially when composed

Used in the eighteenth century as a market for merchants of every stripe, eventually became the site of a whites-only circus, complete with carousel

"The District"; a zone of legalized prostitution. Women were housed in elaborate mansions, but they labored in brutal and disease-ridden shacks

A comic dance supposedly dating from the time of slavery