Hippocrates
Father of medicine; observation of human body without dissection
Leonardo da Vinci
studied the human body
William Harvey
pioneer physiologist; described circulatory system
Gabriele Fallopius
discovered oviducts
Bartolommeo Eustachio
discovered the Eustachian tube (ear to throat)
van Leeuwenhoek
invented microscope
Laennec
invented stethoscope
Joseph Priestley
discovered oxygen
Benjamin Franklin
invented bifocals; studied transmission of the common cold
Jenner
discovered the method of vaccination for smallpox; beginning of immunization
Semmelweis
identified cause of childbed fever; importance of handwashing
Pasteur
proved that microorganisms cause disease; discovered pasteurization
Lister
antiseptics during surgery
von Bergmann
developed asepsis
Robert Koch
father of microbiology
Roentgen
discovered x-rays
Ehrlich
discovered the effect of chemical agents on microorganisms
Gerhard Domagk
discovered sulfonamides
Dmitri Ivanovski
discoverd viruses in 1892 in Russia
Sigmun Freud
pioneered studies in psychiatry
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
Jonas Salk
discovered polio vaccine (injectable dead virus)
Albert Sabin
developed polio vaccine (oral live virus)
Florence Nightingale
(1820-1920) founder of modern nursing
Clara Barton
(1821-1912) "Angel of the Battlefield" established the American Red Cross
Dorothea Dix
social worker; developed nursing training and improved care of mentally ill
Lillian Wald
(1867-1940) first American public health nurse
Virginia Henderson
promoted patient independence
Dorothy Johnson
promoted stress reduction
Martha Rogers
worked to achieve maximum wellness
Dorothea Orem
fostered self-care
Betty Neuman
modeled three levels of care
Sister Callista Roy
developed four adaptive models
Jean Watson
promoted health and focused on prevention of illness
Mary Mahoney
first black nurse