history chap 8 9 10 11

1) The consumer revolution of the early nineteenth century A) encouraged plain and simple living. B) was accompanied by the emulation of aristocratic manners. C) came at a time of economic stagnation and complacency. D) led to the violent rejection of anything that seemed cosmopolitan or luxurious.

The ________ was an early nineteenth century development that constituted the combined solution to the problems of locating sufficient capital, transporting raw materials to factories and products to consumers, and supervising large numbers of workers. A) Lowell System B) industrial revolution C) "market revolution" D) Waltham System

The first American factory was developed by A) Samuel Slater to spin cotton thread. B) Francis Lowell to weave woolen cloth. C) Robert Fulton to build steamboats. D) Eli Whitney to manufacture cotton gins.

The merchant who headed the Boston Associates, owner of the innovative Waltham mills, was A) Francis Cabot Lowell. B) Paul Moody. C) Samuel Slater. D) James Hargreaves.

As the gap between owners and workers increased in the 1840s, American workers A) developed a class solidarity similar to that of European workers. B) felt increasingly trapped in the working class. C) failed to become a self-conscious working class. D) had limited opportunities for economic mobility.

In "Mapping the Past: The Making of the Working Class" your text uses maps to show how the economic growth of the early nineteenth century led to A) wealthier citizens living in the suburbs. B) shared residences for workers and masters. C) factory workers living in the inner city. D) physical separation of masters and workers.

Most workers in the earliest textile factories were A) women and children. B) former hand spinners and hand weavers. C) immigrants. D) displaced farmers.

Under the Waltham System, A) laborers performed the work in their own homes. B) laborers often fell heavily in debt to the company store because of easy credit. C) each laborer was responsible for training his own apprentice. D) young farm women worked and lived under strictly supervised conditions.

The Boston Associates built textile mills in which young single New England women worked under relatively pleasant conditions. This was called the ________ System. A) Melville B) Concord C) Waltham D) Auburn

"They were healthy in appearance, many of them remarkably so, and had the manners and deportment of young women . . . .The rooms in which they worked were as well ordered as themselves." So said English novelist Charles Dickens upon his encounter with the workers in the mills organized under the ________ System. A) Pennsylvania B) Waltham C) Rhode Island D) Auburn

The American population more than doubled between 1790 and 1820 primarily because of the A) Louisiana Purchase. B) market revolution. C) high birthrate. D) influx of immigrants.

In the 1830s and 1840s, most of the thousands of poor and wretched immigrants who flooded into America came from A) Italy and Greece. B) Poland and Russia. C) Ireland and Germany. D) China and Japan.

The modern method of organizing large enterprises, the corporation, was A) eagerly embraced by most American businesses. B) the basis of most manufacturing by 1830. C) an idea which had not yet occurred to investors in the 1820s. D) developing slowly before 1860.

In the early nineteenth century, businesses became corporations by obtaining a charter A) through the Interstate Commerce Commission. B) through a special act of a state legislature. C) from the governor in most states. D) through the U.S. Treasury Department.

One consequence of American industrialization in the early nineteenth century was A) an increase in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants. B) a decline in commercial agriculture and thus in the speed of westward settlement. C) the rapid development of labor unions. D) a decline in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants.

By far the most important indirect effect of industrialization occurred when the A) federal government constructed an efficient system of canals. B) South began to produce cotton to supply the new textile mills of New England and Great Britain. C) North was forced to locate new sources of liquid capital to fund the growing textile industry. D) federal government built a series of national roads.

A disadvantage of upland or "green-seed" cotton was that it A) required the same type of land as indigo. B) was very difficult to separate the seeds from the lint. C) required the same type of land as rice. D) could only be grown in the mild, humid lowlands near the coast.

The inventor of a cotton gin, which removed seeds from upland cotton, was A) Nathanael Greene. B) Samuel Slater. C) Eli Whitney. D) Francis Cabot Lowell

As a result of the cotton gin, A) cotton production soared and the Southern economy boomed. B) Southern production of rice ceased. C) Northern merchants experienced severe economic losses. D) Northern manufacturing was underfunded as investment flowed to the South.

For a generation after 1815, the most expansive force in the American economy was A) shipbuilding. B) banking. C) international commerce. D) cotton.

The racial beliefs of most white Americans in the last decades of the eighteenth century were characterized by their A) greater respect for white property rights than for black American's right to personal liberty. B) confidence that slaves were docile children who would never revolt. C) growing desire for the ending of slavery by voluntary manumission. D) continuing faith that slavery was a stagnant and declining institution.

A successful and bloody slave revolt led to the creation in 1804 of the black republic of A) Grenada. B) Cuba. C) Haiti. D) Guadeloupe.

The Republic of Liberia in western Africa A) was a prime example of black political independence in the nineteenth century. B) was founded by the American Colonization Society and was the eventual home to 12,000 American blacks. C) received approximately a million immigrants from the United States prior to 1850. D) was founded by free blacks from the United States.

The colonization of Sierra Leone in the nineteenth century A) was wildly successful. B) had moderate success due to the support of many important white Southerners. C) was mostly unsuccessful. D) was the springboard for the colonization of several other African nations by emigrating black Americans

The cotton boom in the early nineteenth century caused a A) rapid increase in the number of slaves freed by their masters. B) strict enforcement of laws against the interstate slave trade. C) demand for more labor which was met by a renewed growth of slavery. D) steady increase in support for the colonization movement and in the number of former slaves colonized in Africa

"Jersey negroes appear to be particularly adapted to this market...We have the right to calculate on large importations in the future, from the success which hitherto attended the sale." This quote from a Southern newspaper describes the A) international indentured servant trade. B) international slave trade. C) interstate indentured servant trade. D) interstate slave trade.

By 1820, the interstate slave trade in the South was A) totally and effectively outlawed by the states. B) a legal, well-organized, cruel, and shameful business. C) prohibited by the Constitution. D) outlawed by the Missouri Compromise

One advantage which Northern blacks had over Southern blacks was their A) right to vote in local and national elections. B) ability to organize movements to protest their treatment. C) free access to public buildings and facilities. D) right to testify in court against whites.

The natural highway for western commerce and communication in the early nineteenth century was the ________ River. A) Missouri B) Ohio C) Mississippi D) Tennessee

The first modern road in the United States was built in the 1790s to connect Philadelphia and A) Boston, Massachusetts. B) Richmond, Virginia. C) Baltimore, Maryland. D) Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

In the 1790s and early 1800s, private companies built roads called A) byways. B) thoroughfares. C) highways. D) turnpikes.

Most early "internal improvements" were built A) totally by state and local governments. B) by private businesses, without any financial aid from governments. C) by private businesses, with substantial aid from governments. D) by state governments, with substantial aid from the federal government.

Which of the following statements about the U.S. highway system in the nineteenth century is true? A) For military purposes, the U.S. government began the task of creating an integrated system of roads across the country. B) The U.S. government concentrated on building roads in mountainous areas and left the rest to privateers. C) The U.S. government had no comprehensive highway program in the nineteenth century. D) The construction of highways was the one subject where sectional rivalries did not surface

In the nineteenth century, Congress A) built only one major road, the Old National Road. B) refused to allocate any funds for road building. C) justified its extensive road-building projects as a military necessity. D) did not even discuss the possibility of federal funding for roads.

American inventor Robert Fulton perfected the first commercially successful A) power loom. B) spinning jenny. C) steamboat. D) cotton gin.

A major improvement in the transportation network in the 1820s and 1830s was the construction of A) turnpikes. B) railroads. C) flatboats. D) canals.

The greatest advantage which early canals offered was A) a direct link between western areas and the eastern seaboard. B) the low cost of their construction. C) their use of cheap, efficient steam engines as their means of power. D) a route by which ocean-going vessels could sail into the back country.

The mayor of New York City who organized information and political influence to convince the state legislature to construct the Erie Canal was A) DeWitt Clinton. B) Thurlow Weed. C) Robert Morris. D) Martin Van Buren.

"As an organ of communication between the Hudson, the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, the great lakes of the north and west, and their tributary rivers, [the canal] will create the greatest inland trade ever witnessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of America will avail themselves of its facilities for a market." This was a defense of the A) Erie Canal. B) National Canal. C) Wabash Canal. D) Delaware and Hudson Canal.

Immediately after the Erie Canal was completed, it A) faced severe competition from a rapidly developing railroad network. B) was a financial success. C) became a source of bitter political wrangling in New York. D) was taken over by the federal government

In 1818 the first regularly scheduled passenger and freight service between New York and England was opened by the A) Columbia Line. B) McKay Brothers Company. C) Black Ball Line. D) Great Atlantic Shipping Company

The Erie Canal A) was constructed by a group of New York merchants. B) was a financial disaster. C) solidly established New York City's importance in commerce. D) benefited New England through the feeder canals.

According to the map "Canals and Roads, 1820-1850," most American canals connected directly with the A) Great Lakes. B) St. Lawrence River. C) Mississippi River. D) Atlantic Ocean.

Attempts to build canals in ________ often resulted in financial disaster. A) the South B) the Tidewater C) the West D) New England

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall thought that manufacturing and business should be A) sharply regulated by the government. B) free from the ancient doctrine of the "sanctity" of contracts. C) neither favored nor regulated by the government but simply left to the laws of the marketplace. D) favored by the government since they promoted order and progress.

The Supreme Court's decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) upheld the A) right of a state to take over a private college. B) principle of the sanctity of contracts. C) right of a state to tax federal properties within its boundaries. D) principle of national supremacy over the states

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the National Bank of the United States and also strengthened the implied powers of Congress and aided economic growth when it decided the case of A) Gibbons v. Ogden. B) McCulloch v. Maryland. C) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge. D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court and Justice Marshall A) exempted the Bank of the United States from taxation by the states. B) upheld the contract which gave Ogden his monopoly on ferry service. C) defined commerce in a very broad sense. D) ruled in favor of the good of the whole community over that of a particular company.

The chief contribution of John Marshall to economic development was his A) rejection of state charters for corporations. B) strong states' rights philosophy. C) farsighted defense of consumer rights. D) broadly national view of economic affairs

The Supreme Court decision that promoted economic development by rejecting the absolute sanctity of contracts when they conflicted with improvements for the good of the whole community was A) Dartmouth College v. Woodward. B) Gibbons v. Ogden. C) the Charles River Bridge case. D) McCulloch v. Maryland.

Part of the "democratizing" of politics during the age of Jackson was the A) direct election of U.S. senators. B) enfranchisement of women in western states. C) elimination of property qualifications for voting and holding office. D) direct election of the president and vice president.

Prior to the "democratizing" of politics during the age of Jackson, presidential candidates were usually chosen by a A) national convention. B) state legislature. C) congressional caucus. D) national electoral commission

During John Quincy Adams' presidency, the politician who prepared for the next election by relying on his military reputation and portraying himself as losing the presidency in 1824 due to the "corrupt bargain" was A) Henry Clay. B) William Henry Harrison. C) John C. Calhoun. D) Andrew Jackson.

In the election of 1828, A) Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams in a contest disgraced by character assassination on both sides. B) Henry Clay was chosen president when the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. C) Andrew Jackson lost because of the "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams. D) the negative political campaigns depressed voter turnout.

) Who does the text describe as "the symbol for a new democratically oriented generation"? A) Martin Van Buren B) Henry Clay C) Andrew Jackson D) John C. Calhoun

The basic concept underlying the "spoils system" was that A) candidates must campaign viciously to "spoil" the chances of their opponents. B) party workers must be rewarded with political office after a successful campaign. C) there was no need to take into account the wishes of the average voter. D) government positions should not be "spoiled" by turning them into political plums.

One of the "fundamental tenets of Jacksonian Democracy" was that A) educated and virtuous people should be elected to office. B) long-term stability for government employees improved government services. C) expert knowledge was the key to a democratic government. D) ordinary Americans could do anything.

Jackson's advisers who did not hold regular cabinet appointments were called the A) Locofocos. B) Tennessee Regulars. C) Old Hickories. D) Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's view of the presidency differed from his predecessor's primarily in his belief that the A) scope of federal authority should be expanded at the states' expense. B) president was the direct representative of all the people and the embodiment of national power. C) federal government should engage in a vigorous program of internal improvements. D) advice of experts was crucial to sound presidential decisions.

Jackson's popularity and success were primarily the result of his A) expert knowledge of the issues. B) genius as an administrator. C) personality and leadership. D) open-mindedness to all sides of a question.

The 1830 debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne focused on A) the doctrine of states' rights as opposed to national power. B) the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States. C) the "corrupt bargain" during the election of 1824. D) Jackson's policy of Indian removal.

) In response to the espousal of the states' rights doctrine on the Senate floor by South Carolinian Robert Hayne, which of the following argued that the Constitution was a compact of the people and that the Union was indissoluble? A) John C. Calhoun B) John Tyler C) Thomas Jefferson D) Daniel Webster

) Daniel Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" A) helped to prevent the formation of a West-South alliance. B) resulted in his impeachment as a senator. C) was a rousing defense of states' rights. D) made him a hero among those in the West.

Other than Jackson's personal popularity, the main campaign issue in the presidential election of 1832 was A) nullification. B) Jackson's Indian removal policy. C) the spoils system. D) the Bank of the United States.

Nicholas Biddle realized that he could use the Second National Bank as a A) rudimentary central bank. B) mechanism to undermine President Jackson. C) monopoly to enrich foreign investors. D) means to thwart the political ambitions of Henry Clay.

________ was a leading enemy of the Second National Bank of the United States. A) Daniel Webster B) Nicholas Biddle C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson

The senator who pushed for renewal of the Bank of the United States charter in 1832 to provide himself a campaign issue against Jackson was A) Henry Clay. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Martin Van Buren. D) John Eaton

Jackson defended his veto of the charter of the Second National Bank on the grounds that it was A) too weak to help stabilize the economy. B) unable to attract foreign investors. C) dominated by speculators in western land. D) unconstitutional, despite the Supreme Court.

Of the second Bank of the United States, who believed that it was making "the rich richer and the potent more powerful"? A) Nicholas Biddle B) Daniel Webster C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson

Jackson's most powerful weapon against the Bank of the United States was the A) power to remove Bank officers. B) ability to withdraw government revenues from the Bank. C) Specie Circular, which required the Bank to redeem its notes in gold. D) loyal backing of prominent National Republicans such as Daniel Webster.

Jackson's attitude toward nullification was to A) oppose it because John C. Calhoun supported it. B) support it because it was a Southern doctrine and he was a Southerner. C) oppose it because of his devotion to the Union. D) oppose it as being divisive in practice, but support it as being correct in principle.

The conflict between Jackson and Calhoun was sharpened by their strong disagreement over the A) Peggy Eaton controversy. B) Maysville Road. C) Second National Bank. D) Webster-Hayne debate

Like fellow Westerners, President Jackson A) did not favor internal improvements. B) preferred that local projects be left to the states. C) believed that the federal government should maintain all surpluses. D) thought congressional power should be interpreted broadly.

Jackson's policy toward the Native Americans was to A) give them citizenship. B) respect their culture and traditional homelands. C) place them on reservations in each state. D) remove them to lands west of the Mississippi

About the removal of tribes, who wrote in Democracy in America about "the frightful sufferings that attend these forced migrations"? A) John C. Calhoun B) Black Hawk C) John Marshall D) Alexis de Tocqueville

The Native American nation forced to move from Georgia as a result of Jackson's policies was the A) Seminole. B) Cherokee. C) Sac. D) Choctaw.

) According to the map "Indian Removals," the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole were forcibly removed from A) Georgia, Virginia, Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina, and Alabama. B) Arkansas, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Kentucky. C) Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. D) Louisiana, Georgia, Illinois, Ohio, South Carolina, and Florida.

Jackson opposed John Marshall's rulings about the Cherokee Nation in Georgia because he A) was hoping to appease his southern supporters. B) believed no independent nation could be allowed to exist within the United States. C) was a strong advocate of states' rights. D) hated Native Americans and wanted to destroy them completely.

How did white Southerners react to northern criticisms of slavery? A) Whites in the "new" South of Mississippi and Alabama (outnumbered by slaves three to one) feared criticisms of slavery might lead to rebellion. B) A significant minority of pro-Unionist Southerners agreed with the criticisms. C) Most Southerners continued to view slaves as always docile, happy, and childlike. D) Radical South Carolinians were convinced that both the protective tariff and the agitation against slavery were examples of tyranny of the majority.

The southern political thinker who most prominently justified southern resistance to the Tariff of 1828 was A) John Tyler. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Andrew Jackson. D) Henry Clay.

South Carolina's challenge to the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 is called the A) Cotton Controversy. B) Tariff War. C) Abomination Crisis. D) Nullification Crisis.

"The laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary power on the subject...Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their execution deceived you...Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt?" This was the response of Andrew Jackson to the actions of A) South Carolina. B) New York. C) Mississippi. D) Georgia.

The outcome of the Nullification Crisis convinced the radical South Carolina planters that A) Jackson could not be trusted to keep his promises. B) Calhoun was not firmly committed to nullification. C) nullification and secession could succeed only with the support of other states. D) the government of the United States was an absolute tyranny.

During 1835 and 1836, as a result of the creation of the "pet" banks, A) economic stability and prosperity resumed. B) the money supply shrank dramatically and plunged the country into a depression. C) the Bank of the United States retained all government deposits. D) the money supply increased rapidly and fueled wild speculation in land.

) President Jackson issued the ________ in 1836 to require purchase of public land in gold or silver. A) Homestead Circular B) Public Domain Act C) Specie Circular D) Hard Currency Order

What effect did Jackson's economic policies have on the business cycle? A) They exaggerated the swings of the economic pendulum through the impact of their ill-considered policies on public thinking. B) They successfully stimulated the economy and ended the Panic of 1837. C) They were successful examples of the workings of the free marketplace and of the success of laissez-faire economics. D) The federal government was so weak that they had almost no effect.

Which of the following caused panic in the country in the spring of 1837? A) the reelection of Andrew Jackson B) the inability of banks to make specie payments C) the rise of the radical Locofoco party D) the purchase of Florida from Spain

Of whom was he speaking when Alexis de Tocqueville said, "Far from wishing to extend Federal power, [he] belongs to the party that wishes to limit that power."? A) Thomas Jefferson B) John C. Calhoun C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson

An underlying principle commonly agreed upon by Jacksonians was A) increased government regulation of the economy. B) respect for professional experts in government. C) elimination of slavery and the slave trade. D) suspicion of special privileges and large business corporations.

The Jacksonians who championed giving the "small man" his chance were the A) Locofocos. B) Know-Nothings. C) Barnburners. D) National Republicans.

The new political coalition which emerged to challenge Democratic control in the 1830s was called the A) Federalists. B) Republicans. C) Bull Moose party. D) Whigs.

The unifying principle of the Whig party was A) support of Henry Clay as a political leader. B) opposition to "King Andrew" Jackson. C) desire to return to property qualifications for voting and holding office. D) rejection of strong government.

The Whig party's strategy in the election of 1836 was to A) run several candidates in the hope that the House of Representatives would decide the election. B) nominate Henry Clay because of his strong opposition to Jacksonian policies. C) boycott the Electoral College and appeal to the voters. D) nominate William Henry Harrison because he could appeal to Jackson supporters.

Martin Van Buren's response to the Panic of 1837 was to A) inflate the currency. B) reestablish the National Bank. C) push for federal funding of internal improvements in order to create jobs. D) reject government interference in the economy.

Martin Van Buren's chief goal as president was to A) end the Panic of 1837 by active government intervention in the economy. B) find an acceptable substitute for the state banks as a place to keep federal funds. C) increase the tariff in order to protect New England's "infant industries." D) institute federal funding for a national transportation network.

) President Van Buren attempted to "divorce" the government from all banking activities through the A) "pet" banks network. B) Independent Treasury Act. C) Specie Circular. D) Third National Bank.

In the election of 1840 the Whig's presidential nominee, who was a former military hero whose political opinions were largely unknown, was A) William Henry Harrison. B) Martin Van Buren. C) James K. Polk. D) Zachary Taylor.

"Tippecanoe and Tyler too!" was the campaign slogan for General William Henry Harrison who was the nominee of what political party? A) the Democrats B) the Republicans C) the Jacksonians D) the Whigs

Over what issue did Davy Crockett split with President Jackson, eventually costing him his congressional seat? A) the Second National Bank B) hunting rights on federal land C) removal of Indians from the South D) cheap land for frontier farmers

Immediately after Harrison's inauguration, A) Clay emerged as the power behind the throne, directing the naive and weak-willed Harrison. B) Harrison died, was succeeded by the doctrinaire John Tyler, and the political climate of the country changed dramatically. C) Harrison became a surprisingly strong chief executive, modeling himself on Jackson. D) Harrison died and was succeeded by John Tyler, who was easily manipulated by Webster and Clay.

The famous book in which Alexis de Tocqueville analyzed American society was A) The American Commonwealth. B) Democracy in America. C) Life on the Mississippi. D) Domestic Life of the Americans.

During the 1830s and 1840s the economic differences between the rich and the poor A) constituted a wide and growing gap, especially in the larger eastern cities. B) remained constant with only a small gap between the two groups. C) shrank dramatically due to the numerous economic opportunities of the growing economy. D) remained constant with a large gap between the two groups

By the 1830s, non-agricultural work increasingly took place A) outside the home. B) on the farm. C) in the family household. D) in maritime trades.

What was the effect of the growth of the factory system and of cities on middle-class families? A) Children became more valuable as future economic assets. B) Mothers' power increased because they now worked at home. C) More families were able to place their children as apprentices. D) Fathers' power decreased because they were now absent from home so much.

"The formation of the moral and intellectual character of the young is committed mainly to the female hand...The mother forms the character of the future man." This statement supports the concept of A) the Cult of True Womanhood. B) benevolent hierarchy of skills. C) benevolent empire. D) deputy husband role.

Middle-class families in the 1830s had a(n) A) declining birthrate. B) decreasing divorce rate. C) stable birthrate. D) increasing birthrate.

Among middle-class families, children came to be seen increasingly as A) seething cauldrons of original sin. B) innocent and morally superior. C) perversely willful. D) future workers.

The most effective preacher of the Second Great Awakening was A) Charles Grandison Finney. B) William Ellery Channing. C) Jonathan Edwards. D) George Whitfield.

A typical theme of the Second Great Awakening was that A) God had predestined either salvation or damnation for everyone. B) people did not need to worry about judgment day. C) those who were saved were filled with God's grace and need not be bound by human laws. D) people could take their salvation into their own hands.

Evangelist Charles Grandison Finney's success depended upon A) his defense of Catholicism. B) a rational approach to religion based on college educated ministers. C) his defense of Calvinism. D) emotional release through personal testimony of salvation

What your text labels "the third pillar of the emerging American middle class," alongside the family and church, which had neither colonial precedents nor European equivalents, was A) public education. B) consumer culture. C) civil service. D) voluntary associations.

The communitarian group whose members were celibate, held their property in common, valued simplicity and industriousness, stressed equality of labor, and practiced a joyful and fervent religion was A) Brook Farm. B) Oneida. C) the Shakers. D) the Mormons.

The Illinois town founded by Mormon leader Joseph Smith as a semi-independent state within the federal Union was A) Mount Holyoke. B) Amana. C) Nauvoo. D) Salt Lake City.

The communitarian group which attempted to change society the least were the A) Owenites. B) Shakers. C) Mormons. D) Fourierists

) Individual reformers who tried to care for the physically and mentally disabled were A) usually more effective than the more colorful communitarian reformers. B) too unscientific to achieve anything. C) unable to make substantial progress because of the enormous scale of the problems to be corrected. D) usually less effective than the more pragmatic and less flamboyant communitarians

The pioneer in developing methods for educating deaf people who opened a school for deaf students in 1817 was A) Thomas Gallaudet. B) Lyman Beecher. C) Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe. D) Benjamin Lundy.

One of the most striking aspects of the various practical reform movements of the early nineteenth century was their A) total dependence on federal funding. B) unwillingness to try new approaches to old problems. C) emphasis on creating special facilities for dealing with social problems. D) hostility toward science.

The Auburn system was a pioneering experiment in A) education for the blind. B) prison reform. C) communal living. D) education for the deaf.

"[C]hained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience," is the way which of the following described the deplorable conditions of insane asylums to Massachusetts state legislators? A) Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet B) Angelina Grimke C) Clara Barton D) Dorothea Dix

During the 1820s, Americans' per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages A) decreased dramatically with the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. B) increased to the highest point ever in American experience. C) decreased because of the high prices of corn and rye whiskey. D) increased, but to a rate only half as high as that for present-day Americans.

The organization of reformed drunkards which focused on reclaiming alcoholics from the gutter was the A) Cold Water Society. B) Women's Christian Temperance Union. C) Prohibition Party. D) Washingtonians.

Catholic immigrants from Germany and Ireland often A) participated in the Second Great Awakening. B) supported the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. C) objected to demands for prohibition of all alcohol. D) became leaders in the temperance movement

The first effective state law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was passed by A) Massachusetts. B) Maine. C) Virginia. D) New York.

No reform movement of the early nineteenth century was "more significant" and "more ambiguous" than A) temperance. B) prison reform. C) abolitionism. D) women's rights

William Lloyd Garrison's views on slavery might best be described as A) designed to appeal to southern moderates. B) uncompromising. C) reflecting the northern viewpoint. D) moderate.

During the 1830s and 1840s, most white Americans thought William Lloyd Garrison's views were A) supported by scientific research. B) unconvincing and confrontational. C) consistent with the teachings of their churches. D) moderate and levelheaded.

In his autobiography and speeches, Frederick Douglass insisted that A) emancipation should be gradual. B) returning to Africa was the only hope for American blacks. C) full social, political, and economic equality for blacks was required. D) violent revolts were necessary for slaves to obtain their freedom

The most influential black abolitionist was A) Theodore Dwight Weld. B) Elijah Lovejoy. C) Sojourner Truth. D) Frederick Douglass

An important factor in encouraging the growth of the women's rights movement was the A) female abolitionists' recognition that, like the slaves, they were born into the caste system which destined them for menial roles in society. B) model of the successful women's rights movement in England which had already succeeded in winning the vote for women. C) increasing number of professional opportunities for college-educated women. D) female abolitionists' recognition that the discrimination they faced was unlike the oppression slaves experienced.

One of the few advocates of women's rights who did not begin her career in the abolitionist movement and who made a frontal assault on all forms of sexual discrimination in Women in the Nineteenth Century was A) Lucretia Mott. B) Margaret Fuller. C) Sarah Grimke. D) Catherine Beecher

The co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and author of its Declaration of Sentiments was A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. B) William Lloyd Garrison. C) Susan B. Anthony. D) Margaret Fuller.

The Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention states "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal." A primary author of this statement was A) Margaret Fuller. B) Dorothea Dix. C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. D) Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Susan B. Anthony played a prominent role in the women's rights movement because she was the first to A) give large sums of money. B) see the need for thorough organization. C) write a regular newspaper column on women's rights. D) advocate working with the abolitionists.

The greatest expression of Romanticism in the United States was through A) Puritanism. B) Unitarianism. C) transcendentalism. D) pragmatism.

) Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau A) worked actively in abolitionist organizations. B) sought truth through scientific research. C) engaged in civil disobedience to protest the Mexican War. D) objected to many of society's restrictions on the individual.

"When were the good and the brave ever in a majority?...If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." The author of these statements was A) Henry David Thoreau. B) Francis Wayland. C) Ralph Waldo Emerson. D) George Catlin.

The American transcendentalist who defended his refusal to pay taxes to support the Mexican War in his essay "Civil Disobedience" was A) Herman Melville. B) Nathaniel Hawthorne. C) Ralph Waldo Emerson. D) Henry David Thoreau.

The American writer whose works are filled with examples of wild imagination and fascination with mystery, fright, and the occult is A) Edgar Allan Poe. B) Ralph Waldo Emerson. C) John Greenleaf Whittier. D) Walt Whitman.

One of Hawthorne's greatest works, The Scarlet Letter, is a(n) A) grim but sympathetic analysis of the consequences of adultery. B) account of his life with a tribe of cannibals. C) gripping account of the decay of an old New England family. D) collection of rambling, uneven, free verse that seemed shockingly commonplace.

Herman Melville's book which your text calls "one of the finest novels written by an American" is A) Typee. B) The House of the Seven Gables. C) Leaves of Grass. D) Moby Dick.

"I celebrate myself and sing myself. And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you." This was written by A) Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter. B) Edgar Allan Poe in "The Purloined Letter." C) Herman Melville in Moby Dick. D) Walt Whitman in "Song of Myself."

Walt Whitman's book of poems in rambling free verse on commonplace topics in coarse language was A) The Waste Land. B) Songs of Innocence. C) New England Songs. D) Leaves of Grass.

The text describes the works of Walt Whitman as A) the most authentically American of any writer of the period. B) totally rejected by the reading public during his lifetime. C) quickly accepted by readers and reviewers. D) usually rather flowery in language, but disciplined

Describing the dissemination of culture, the text observes that northern society was permeated by A) widespread indifference to standards of taste and high culture. B) lower-class attempts to unionize factory workers. C) upper-class desire to bring European culture to America. D) middle-class concern for being cultivated and refined.

The religious pamphlets and books distributed by the American Tract Society A) played down denominational differences in favor of a generalized evangelical Christianity. B) succeeded in converting many readers to Catholicism. C) were directed primarily at converting the various Native American tribes. D) stressed denominational differences because of the bitter disputes among various churches.

The mutual improvement societies which conducted discussions, sponsored libraries, lobbied for better schools, and presented lectures on a variety of topics were called A) forums. B) lyceums. C) art-unions. D) mechanics' libraries

The most basic goal of the common school movement was A) sexual integration of public schools. B) education for democracy. C) racial integration of public schools. D) private financing of education.

By the 1850s, the common school movement had succeeded in establishing A) free elementary schools and public institutions for teacher training in every state. B) laws requiring school attendance to the age of 16 in every state outside the South. C) free elementary and secondary schools in every state. D) free elementary schools and public institutions for teacher training in every state outside the South.

The most compelling argument for the success of the common schools was that they A) encouraged independent and critical thought among Americans of all social classes. B) promoted class consciousness among the industrial proletariat. C) brought Americans of different economic and ethnic backgrounds together in mutually beneficial contact. D) encouraged people to replace religion and superstition with science and reason.

) In Jacksonian America private colleges A) shared the vigorous growth of the common schools. B) expanded slowly and cautiously. C) had too few students for too many colleges. D) had too many students for too few colleges.

The staunch states' rights advocate who became president when William Henry Harrison died was A) Martin Van Buren. B) James K. Polk. C) Zachary Taylor. D) John Tyler

Everyone in Tyler's cabinet except Daniel Webster resigned when Tyler opposed Henry Clay's plans and A) signed the bill creating a new National Bank. B) called for the annexation of Texas. C) vetoed the new National Bank. D) supported a large tariff increase

The peace treaty of 1783 with England granted the United States all the land A) drained by the St. Lawrence River. B) of the Oregon Territory. C) on the eastern bank of the St. Lawrence River. D) drained by rivers flowing into the Atlantic.

In the controversy leading to the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, England's main goal was to A) acquire the timber. B) control the fishing rights. C) build a military road. D) create a secure Canadian border.

The ________ Treaty settled the disputed boundary between Maine and New Brunswick and demonstrated the growing Anglo-American economic dependence. A) Transcontinental B) Clayton-Bulwer C) Webster-Ashburton D) Gadsden

Before Texas gained its independence in 1836, a major conflict between American settlers in Texas and the Mexican government was A) Mexico's abolition of slavery. B) Mexico's attempt to require Americans to speak Spanish. C) the effect of the Missouri Compromise on Mexico. D) the weakness of the Mexican central government.

In the battle over the independence of Texas, the slaughters at Goliad and at ________, a former mission, made peaceful settlement of the dispute with Mexico almost impossible. A) the Alamo B) the Citadel C) Corpus Christi D) Santa Fe

The leader of the Texas independence movement and first president of the Republic of Texas was A) Stephen F. Austin. B) William B. Travis. C) Davy Crockett. D) Sam Houston.

) Sam Houston famously screamed "Remember the Alamo!" at A) Goliad during a decisive American defeat over the Mexicans. B) Mexico City during diplomatic talks with the Mexicans. C) President Jackson's signing of the annexation of Texas. D) a routing of the Mexican army at the San Jacinto River.

) Both Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren A) were unwilling to annex Texas. B) attempted to annex Texas. C) refused to recognize Texas. D) warned Mexico to leave Texas alone

Manifest destiny might best be described as the belief that Americans were A) God's chosen people. B) a melting pot of immigrants. C) obligated to educate the Native Americans. D) destined to abolish slavery

Stating that nothing must interfere with the ability of Americans "to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions," New York journalist John L. O'Sullivan was describing the concept of A) economic determinism. B) transcendentalism. C) manifest destiny. D) progressivism.

One significant aspect of life on the westward trail in the 1840s was that it A) was actually safer for children than remaining at home. B) was easier for women than for men. C) strongly reinforced the family pattern of "separate spheres." D) was especially taxing for women.

In 1840, California could be most accurately described as A) unmistakably Mexican, with only a handful of white American settlers. B) still almost entirely controlled and owned by a series of Catholic missions. C) one of the few areas where the Native Americans were guaranteed the same civil rights as whites. D) dominated by white Americans, with only a handful of Mexican settlers.

"Oregon fever" referred to A) a common malady of the nineteenth century. B) a deep-seated hate for the Native Americans. C) the desire to go to Oregon. D) Christian attempts to convert the Native Americans.

According to the map "Trails West," the Oregon Trail A) crossed New Mexico Territory before heading north. B) ran along the border between the United States and Canada for much of its route. C) followed a route similar to the Mormon Trail part of the way. D) ran perpendicular to the Old Spanish Trail.

When the Whigs nominated Henry Clay for the presidency in 1844, their platform A) came out strongly for the annexation of Texas. B) ignored the question of Texas. C) supported the acquisition of Oregon. D) condemned all expansion.

James K. Polk might best be described as a A) promoter of high tariffs. B) national bank supporter. C) good Jacksonian. D) foe of expansion.

Upon sensing the expansionist sentiment of voters in the election of 1844, Henry Clay A) stuck firmly to his opposition to the annexation of Texas. B) backed off his firm opposition to the annexation of Texas. C) won the election because of his unyielding support of manifest destiny. D) pushed through a joint resolution making Texas a state.

In accordance with the joint resolution that annexed Texas, A) Texas became an independent territory. B) up to four new states could be created from its territory. C) the territory of Texas was required to remain consolidated. D) Texas had to wait ten years until it could be granted full statehood.

American settlement in the Oregon region was centered in the A) Columbia River Valley. B) Willamette Valley. C) Walla Walla River Valley. D) Cascade Mountains.

In 1846 the United States signed a treaty dividing the Oregon territory along the 49th parallel with A) Great Britain. B) Russia. C) France. D) Canada.

The reason the final Oregon Treaty between the United States and England was popular is that A) America got all it demanded. B) the war with Mexico had begun. C) the Democrats saw a chance to get even with the Whigs. D) slavery was forbidden in the area.

Mexico's main grievance against the United States was based upon the A) large debts the United States owed Mexico. B) invasion of California by Fremont. C) intrigues of John Slidell. D) annexation of Texas.

What happened in the Mexican War? A) The president led the nation into war without a formal declaration of war from Congress. B) American armed forces fought only inside the boundaries of the continental United States. C) Although the Mexican army was larger, better equipped, and well-led, American forces easily conquered Mexico. D) General Winfield Scott led a disastrous and poorly planned campaign against Mexico City.

"War exists." Polk said this to A) the Mexican diplomatic mission. B) General Mariano Paredes, the Mexican head of state. C) Thomas Slidell when authorizing further use of American armed forces. D) Congress when asking for a declaration of war.

President Polk's plans to defeat Mexico included A) driving Santa Anna from power. B) invading Texas. C) establishing a naval blockade of Mexican ports. D) taking possession of California and New Mexico

During the Mexican War, what happened in the Southwest? A) American settlers seized Sonoma and established the Republic of California. B General Stephen Kearny's cavalry expedition from Fort Leavenworth was defeated and captured at the Battle of Santa Fe. C) A virtual civil war broke out between settlers favoring the United States and those supporting Mexico. D) The Mexican army easily defeated the initial efforts of a ragtag army of American settlers to create an independent California.

The campaign against Mexico City was commanded by General A) Zachary Taylor. B) Stephen Kearny. C) Winfield Scott. D) Thomas Hart Benton.

_____ was the chief clerk of the State Department who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo against the orders of President Polk. A) George M. Dallas B) James G. Birney C) Abel P. Upshur D) Nicholas P. Trist

The Mexican War was ended by the A) Gadsden Purchase. B) Treaty of Vera Cruz. C) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. D) Treaty of San Juoaquin.

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States A) promised to respect Mexican sovereignty in the future. B) gained Texas and Oklahoma. C) agreed to continue Mexico's prohibition of slavery in the Southwest. D) gained New Mexico and Upper California.

For many Americans, the ultimate justification of manifest destiny and the Mexican War seemed to be the A) prohibition on slavery in the territory gained from Mexico. B) recognition by Europeans that America was also an imperial power. C) discovery of gold in California in 1848. D) guarantee of a transcontinental railroad route through the territory conquered from Mexico.

Slavery erupted as a divisive issue after the Mexican War over the question of A) restricting the domestic slave trade. B) continuing slave auctions in Washington, D.C. C) renewing the importation of slaves. D) allowing slavery in the territory conquered from Mexico

The attempt to prohibit slavery from the territory gained by the Mexican War was identified with A) Lewis Cass. B) David Wilmot. C) Henry Clay. D) Zachary Taylor

"As an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory." This is from the A) Compromise of 1850. B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty. C) Wilmot Proviso. D) Tallmadge Amendment.

The original advocate of organizing new territories on the basis of "popular sovereignty" was A) Lewis Cass. B) Nicholas Trist. C) David Wilmot. D) Zachary Taylor.

Zachary Taylor was chosen to run for president by the Whigs in 1848 because of his A) opposition to slavery. B) extensive legislative experience. C) proven ability to campaign. D) military career.

In the election of 1848, supporters of Martin Van Buren who opposed Lewis Cass were nicknamed A) Mugwumps. B) Locofocos. C) Railsplitters. D) Barnburners.

In 1849 approximately 80,000 Americans migrated to California because of the A) completion of the Santa Fe Trail. B) start of the gold rush. C) end of the Mexican War. D) severe unemployment in the East.

The California state constitution of 1849 banned slavery for primarily ________ reasons. A) economic B) moral C) religious D) political

California's possible admission as a free state caused such a furor because it A) forced slavery to be barred in all territories. B) repealed the Missouri Compromise. C) rejected the idea of "popular sovereignty." D) broke the balance of power in the Senate between slave and free states.

The senator who initially organized the legislative program that became the Compromise of 1850 was A) David Wilmot. B) Daniel Webster. C) Henry Clay. D) John C. Calhoun.

In the debates over the Compromise of 1850, Henry Clay's most famous argument was that A) because God's "higher law" prohibited any cooperation with the evils of slavery, the North should refuse to compromise. B) the North should yield completely on every point, ceasing even to discuss slavery. C) fugitive slaves who escaped to the North should be guaranteed their freedom. D) slavery did not need to be prohibited by a Wilmot Proviso because the facts of geography and climate prevented its establishment in the Southwest.

"You have got what is worth more than a thousand Wilmot Provisos...You have nature on your side." This statement is a defense of the Compromise of 1850 by whom? A) Daniel Webster B) Henry Clay C) Millard Fillmore D) Zachary Taylor

When Zachary Taylor died, the politician who became president and was instrumental in achieving the Compromise of 1850 was A) Millard Fillmore. B) Franklin Pierce. C) James Buchanan. D) John Tyler.

According to the maps accompanying the comparison between the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, the __________ had the largest area of any free territory in 1850. A) Unorganized Territory B) Oregon Territory C) Utah Territory D) area freed by Missouri Compromise

The part of the Compromise of 1850 which seems to indicate unscrupulous activities was A) admitting California as a free state. B) taking over the debts of Texas. C) strengthening the fugitive slave law. D) abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia.

The attempt to prohibit slavery from the territory gained by the Mexican War was identified with A) Lewis Cass. B) David Wilmot. C) Henry Clay. D) Zachary Taylor.

What was the public reaction to the Compromise of 1850? A) Violent antislavery riots condemned it in the North. B) Abolitionists were quite pleased with its steps towards gradual emancipation. C) Mass meetings throughout the country were held to support it. D) Defenders of slavery praised it for preserving the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.