History Alive: The Medieval World and Beyond

Political instability in attempting to transfer power to a new leader, economic and social problems with taxes that had a negative effect on Rome's economy, and weakening frontiers.

Constantine moved his capital to the east because the east was easier to defend, and trade made the city wealthy

Byzantium

Constantinople

Murals, mosaics, and frescoes

Vaults, domes, and aqueducts

Charlemagne made his court a center for education and united all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire

By sending the church knights for support

By crowning Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor

Monarchs

A symbolic ruler who ruled with the help of lords and ladies as their vassals

Lords and ladies

Run their estates, serve as judges in manor courts, send their knights to fight in times of war, and served as vassals for a monarch

Knights

A knight was to fight, and perform acts of chivalry

Peasants

Peasants were workers of monarchs and lords and ladies

Serfs

A serf was to work for lords and ladies and monarchs, while having less rights than a peasant

The economic and political system that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages

In feudalism, a person who worked the land

A ruler or powerful landowner

An armed warrior

A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

A large estate, including farmland and villages, held by a lord

The belief that God gives monarchs the right to rule

A system of organization dividing people into ranks, with those of higher ranking having more power and privileges

The medieval knight's code of ideal behavior, including bravery, loyalty, and respect for woman

Gregory's ruling angered Henry, and because of anger, Henry had declared Gregory was no longer pope. Gregor then excommunicated Henry

Henry later begged Gregory for forgiveness, therefore readmitting him into the church

An Italian philosopher who theorized the relation between reason and faith

Aquinas believed religion and reason worked together, because natural law was discovered by reason, but followed the moral principles of the bible

Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Matrimony, Holy Orders, Penance, and Extreme Unction

Entry to the church by the cleansing of sin

The formal declaration to God

A church service where the priest blessed food and wine

To be married by a priest, then signed into a book of records

The becoming of a priest

The confession of sins

(If close to death,) be blessed by a priest

During the Middle Ages many people went on pilgrimages to holy sites to show devotion to religion, and receive wealth, salvation, and adventure

Christians hoped to gain salvation because they believed that if they participated in the crusades they would be guaranteed salvation

All art in the middle ages was made for a religious purpose

Cathedrals and other buildings were always made with Christian devotion

The Roman Catholic Church affected education because the clergy were the most likely to be educated

To formally deprive a person of membership in church

A journey to a holy site

The concept that there is a universal order built into nature that can guide moral thinking

Entry into heaven and eternal life

Mountains, rivers, and bodies of water affected the growth of medieval towns, because as trade was promoted, most towns grew by waterways

The purpose of medieval guilds was provide a representative for a certain craft or trade that made sure they sold good quality products at a reasonable price, made by workers who were paid a reasonable amount for a reasonable time

An organization of people in the same craft or trade

A body of rulings made by judges that become part of a nation's legal system

A legal document that limited the King's power and strengthen a noble's power

A governing body where all the classes in society had a representative

Both impacted feudalism because it gave others in the feudal system more power, and changed authority in the middle ages, therefore shifting feudalism

The Bubonic Plague was spread by trade, traveling from the Black Sea, to the Silk Road, and probably arrived on Italy on a ship

The Bubonic Plague killed about twenty-four million Europeans, or a third of Europe

The Bubonic Plague impacted feudalism because after the plague had ended, workers were needed though there were fewer peasants, which allowed them to demand better conditions, giving them more power in the feudal system, and changing authority

The French and the English

A woman who voluntarily fought for France in the Hundred Years' War and inspired many to fight with her

The Hundred Years' War weakened feudalism, because Monarchs had taxed Europeans heavily to fight in the war, and no longer needed their vassals, giving lords and ladies less power in the feudal hierarchy

Because of the war, Europe had advancements in technology and new weapons. In addition, the war had given both the French and the English a new sense of unity to their country

The principle that accused people cannot be held in jail without the consent of court

A person who holds beliefs contrary to the teachings of a church or other group

A large bow that is used for firing feathered arrows

Constantinople's location linked many trade routes together, promoting trade

Constantinople's location was surrounded by three sides of water and hard to invade

Justinian settled the rebellion in 832 C.E; invested in public works, made a systematic body of law, and made up for his empire's lose territory and launched a military campaign

Christianity developed in Constantinople

Religion and government in the East were linked more closely together than they were in the West

The Great Schism marks the schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

The Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church separated, because of disagreements on Iconoclasm, Holy Roman Emperor, but mainly it was because the Byzantines shut down all churches worshiped with western rites, that caused the east and west to excommunicate each other, therefore causing the great schism

The Byzantine Empire was a great empire that straddled two continents: Europe and Asia, and lasted for 500 to 1453 C.E

Europe, Africa, and Asia

Persian Gulf, the Arabian sea, and the Gulf of Aden

The geography in the Arabian Peninsula is important because it allows trade to pass through the peninsula

Deserts, plains, oases, and mountains

Inhabitants are nomads, use camels, and have loose clothes to overcompensate for their environment

Inhabitants are sedentary, grow crops, and use date palms for construction to overcompensate for their environment

Inhabitants built irrigation systems, grow crops, and trade on the coastal plain to overcompensate for their environment

Inhabitants used terraces to farm, made irrigation systems, built mud houses, and fertilized their land to make fit for vegetation to overcompensate for their environment

In a cave while he was praying

The angel Gabriel told him that he was the messenger of God

The People of the Book

Because Jews, Christians, and Muslims all believed in the same God

Sunnis and the Shi'a

Anyone could take the throne after Muhammad's death

Only Muhammad's relatives can take the throne after his death

It's a shrine where Muhammad and his Muslim followers destroyed idols in Makkah and rededicated the shrine to Allah

Belief in more than one god

Belief in one god

The holy book of Islam

Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Siyam, and Hajj

Declaration of faith in God and Muhammad as God's messenger

Daily prayer

Giving wealth to the poor

Fasting during Ramadan

Pilgrimage to the Ka'ba

Damascus, Jerusalem, and Kalisiya

Centers of worship for Muslims

Tall towers of mosques

Leaders of prayer in a mosque

Struggle in pleasing God

External struggle in pleasing God

Internal struggle in pleasing God

Promotion of illustrating books and introduced mysticism

The study of zoology, astronomy, and certain irrigation systems

Accurate maps, first encyclopedia on traveling, and theories on Earth's size

Algebra, the concept of zero, and the promotion of Arabic numbers

Pharmacology, painkillers, concept of surgery, and the promotion of hospitals

Theories on faith and immortal souls, and the promotion of centers of learning

Calligraphy, textiles, and conservatories

Polo and Chess

Seljuk Turks

The Christians in the east

Because the group threatened the Byzantine empire and the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

Christians were let into Jerusalem's nearby city and surrounded Jerusalem, and killed Jews and Muslims inside

Christians go on another crusade when Muslims capture one of their lands, Edessa. Muslims keep the Christians away, making the crusade a failure

Muslims capture Jerusalem, causing the crusaders to go on another quest. The soldiers on both sides are too weak to fight, and Jerusalem agrees on a peace treaty to let the crusaders inside

Introduced to new weapons and economic security

Population drop, Economic damages, introduced to Arabian products

Ottomans

Jerusalem

Peninsula in southwestern Europe that today is divided between Spain and Portugal

A judicial body established by the Catholic church to combat heresy and other religious errors

Jewish house of worship

Prejudice towards Jews