History 1301 test 4

Network of secret routes used by southern slaves to escape to free north, helped hundreds of slaves escape, led by Harriet Tubman, led to establishment of Fugitive slave laws

Blacks substandard, inferior, created for the fields, benevolent masters, minimal physical abuse

Worked 24/7, treated brutishly, forced obedience without questioning authority

Foiled slave rebellion, supposed to lead a charge on Richmond, Gabriel and 25 other slaves hanged, heightened whites fear of slave uprisings

Slave rebellion, slaves killed about 60 whites, caused panic amongst southern whites, new laws preventing slave assembly and education were passed

Escaped slave, Underground Railroad, helped hundreds of slaves to escape slavery

Escaped slave, women's rights, first woman to win a court case against a white man, recruited black troops for union army

Hundreds of slaves escaped, fugitive slave law passed, punished slaves and those who assisted

Escaped slave, abolitionist leader, incredible orator, Union recruiter during the war

People of mixed race, descendants of settlers that lived in French Louisiana

Racist south society, aristocrats

Blacks inferior, made to work in fields, mortgaged slaves when in debt

Southern slogan, claimed cotton exports would make CSA economically prosperous, thought France and Britain would give support

Social theorist, pro-slavery, blacks needed slavery, voice of southern plantation folk

The merging, in a political sense, of two or more political entities like counties or districts

Mixing of races or ethnicities, interracial marriage or relations

God wanted us to expand, "sea to shining sea," more farmland

More trouble with indians, slavery expansion, not constitutional

White settlers came after Louisiana purchase, Mexican revolution, independence, annexed as a slave state

Texas v Mexico for independence, Texas became its own nation, later annexed into the union as slave state

Mexican siege on Texan fort, Texas lost, Mexico suffered heavy casualties, inspired Texan cause

Texans captured a Mexican post, attained much needed supplies, isolated Mexicans from getting more supplies

Texan army defeated Mexican army, Santa anna was captured, Mexico surrendered, Texas gained independence

Soldier and politician from Tennessee, fought and died at the Alamo, American folk hero

Texas militia man, leader of the Alamo, American folk hero

Chief recruiting officer in the Texas Army, commander at the Alamo, wrote "victory or death" letter

Major General of Texas' army, defeated Santa Anna, first president of the Republic of Texas, brought Texas into the Union

General of the Mexican army, came to recapture land for mexico, lost every battle, cost Mexico Texas

slave state, negated all of Texas' debt, US provided protection against an angry Mexico

Father of Mormonism, led religious revolution, church of Latter Day Saints is still very active

President church of Latter Day Saints, Salt Lake City, first governor of Utah territory, BYU, university of Utah

James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay

Manifest destiny, reestablished independent treasury system, pro-slavery, started Mexican-American war to get Mexican lands

Britain and America held claims to land (Oregon), almost caused third war, agreed to compromise at 49th parallel

Land dispute, Americans occupied the area, 16 Americans killed in Mexican skirmish, Polk declared American blood had been spilt on American soil, fueled congress to agree to war

Texas, northern Mexico, Mexico City

Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Stephen watts Kearny, John D Sloat, William J. Worth

Thought Scott and Taylor would take his job

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Resolutions requested by Lincoln for Polk to provide evidence of where blood was spilt, challenged validity of Polk's claims, Whig party seem unpatriotic

Won first few battles even though he was outnumbered, took over Monterrey, war hero

Followed Cortés' route into Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna, took command of Mexico City, one of the most successful war campaigns

treaty between US and Mexico, ended the war, US paid Mexico $15 million, US received California, (most of) New Mexico, and all other Mexican territories north of the rio grande

Expansionists wanted California for manifest destiny, prosperous ports on coast would open up trade with Asia

Advocates wanted America to take over all of Mexico, radical side of Manifest Destiny, ended by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

US purchased 30,000 square miles of modern day New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico, finalized Mexican border, land to be used for transcontinental railroad

American pioneers headed to California, got stuck in Nevadan mountains during winter, became cannibals to survive

Gold discovered in California, population boom, emanate statehood, controversy over expansion of slavery exploded, a "free" California would cause south to lose the senate/congressional power

Huge growth starting in 1850, future of transportation, dream of Transcontinental RR pushed Stephen Douglas to fight for Kansas and Nebraska statehood

Nominated General Zachary Taylor for president, Fillmore pushed the compromise of 1850 through congress but ended up causing the fracture of the party

1856 slogan from Republican Party, anti-slavery, opposed plantation system that put small farmers out of business

Proposed by Stephen Douglas, said local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide on slavery, led to the Bleeding Kansas conflict

John C. Calhoun, denied that congress had any powers to prohibit slavery

Abolitionist, editor of The Liberator, wanted immediate emancipation of slaves, heavily influenced many northerners toward slave sentiment

Minister, abolitionist, murdered by a pro-slavery mob, was hailed as a martyr by abolitionists

Wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' extremely popular book about slavery, infuriated southerners, one of the most successful books in American history

Abolitionist, indicted for protecting a fugitive slave, defended the Confederate's right to secede

Part of the compromise of 1850, required escaped slaves to be returned to their masters, all citizens of free states had to cooperate, turned northerners further away from slavery

Southern-American Quakers, lectured in the north about their experiences with slavery on their family plantation, helped shed light on cruelty of slavery

Black slave, killed her own daughter so that she did not have to return to slavery, huge news throughout country, played on by abolitionists

Movement began during and after civil war, women protested that if blacks could vote then so should women

First women's rights convention, organized by Elizabeth Stanton, discussed the social and civil rights of women

Abolitionist, social activist, declaration of sentiments, organized the forts women's rights movement

First president of the American equal rights association, feminist, mentor of elizabeth Cady Stanton

women's rights movement leader, founded the national women's suffrage association, pushed for what would later be known as the 19th admendment

No expansion of slavery in any territory, extend Missouri compromise line to the pacific

Popular sovereignty, secession

Name of the region ceded to the US by the treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

All Mexican land not open to slavery ever, wasn't about blacks, just didn't want the plantations to get all the good land

South's spokesperson, denied that congress had any powers to prohibit slavery

Senator from South Carolina, "Cotton is King," said the country couldn't do without the South's cotton

Presidential nominee, known as the leading spokesman of Popular Sovereignty

Local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be permitted, led to bloodshed in the Bleeding Kansas conflict

California admitted as free state, slave trade prohibited in Washington DC, Fugitive Slave law enforced, Mexican session divided into territories w/popular sovereignty to decide on slavery issue

Encamped in disputed territory in Texas to provoke Mexican attack, gave Polk a reason to declare war

California is a free state, New Mexico and Utah get popular sovereignty, no slave trade in Washington, D.C. Texas boundary adjusted, new fugitive slave laws, seen as a win for both sides

Took over for Clay, separated the bill, gets all 5 bills passed, hailed as incredible politics, temporarily adverted war

Dominant figure in the Republican Party, loyal member of Lincoln's cabinet, pivotal role in preventing foreign intervention in the civil war

Franklin pierce defeated Winfield scott, last Whig presidential candidate, Whig party fractured soon after

Democrat, general in Mexican American war, supported the Kansas Nebraska act and the Ostend Manifesto, regarded as one of the worst presidents in history

Best General in Mexican-American War, longest active general, thought of the unions 'anaconda plan' that helped defeat the confederacy

Destroyed over issue of slave expansion, became the Republican Party, 3rd political party system born

Extreme southern nationalists, praised the dred Scott case decision, central voice that demanded secession

Document that declared US should take Cuba, supported by expansionist, would be a slave state, never passed, effected by the Bleeding Kansas conflict/Spain wouldn't sell

Wanted to establish English speaking nations in Central America under his own command, became president of Nicaragua, killed by the Honduras government soon after takin power

Introduced Kansas-Nebraska act so he could build a railroad, personal gain, caused the Bleeding Kansas conflict

caused by Kansas-Nebraska act, slave holders from Missouri fought "free soil" forces over upcoming vote on the expansion of slavery for Kansas, popular sovereignty

Proslavery activists, came from Missouri, fought for the acceptance of slavery, started bleeding Kansas conflict

Border Ruffians attacked and pillaged Lawrence, Kansas, sparked Bleeding Kansas

Whig party fractured, Republican Party emerged, still in place today

Republicans-northerns who wanted to stop slave expansion, manufacturing Democrats- pro-slavery, minimal tariffs

Name given to the rifles supplied to anti-slavery immigrants in Kansas during the Bleeding Kansas conflicts

Abolitionist, killed slaves supporters at Pattawatomie, led an unsuccessful slave rebellion at Harpers fairy, captured and hanged, believed he was a martyr for anti-slavery

John Brown and his sons murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in the middle of the night, one of many bloody episodes in the Bleeding Kansas conflicts

debates with stephen Douglas brought him into limelight with Republican Party, Cooper Union speech, staunchly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Democrat James Buchanan won

Democrat, worked on the Ostend manifesto, did nothing about the secession of South Carolina, one of the worst presidents of all time

First republican nominee, first governor of California,

Charles Sumner gave scathing speech about South Carolina and Andrew Butler, Preston brooks (butlers nephew) beat the shit out of Sumner with his cane until he busted his head open, showed the hatred between northern and southern politicians

Supreme Court justice, slaveholder, delivered verdict on Dred Scott

Said slaves were not citizens of the US, no constitutional protection, declared Missouri compromise unconstitutional, slavery could exist anywhere, huge victory for the south

states couldn't abolish slavery, slavery could be reimposed everywhere in the us

Senatorial race in Illinois, highly publicized, mostly about the issue of slavery, put Lincoln on the Republican Party's radar

John brown tried to capture US military arsenal to arm a slave revolt, thwarted by Robert E. Lee and his men, Brown was tried and hanged, believed he was a martyr for anti-slavery

Lincoln's powerful speech, standing ovation,became the Republican Party's front runner

Lincoln defeated Douglas and two others, right as 7 states declared secession, one of the most important elections in history

Republican

Northern Democrat

Southern Democrat

Constitutional Unionist

President of CSA, unable to gain recognition for any other countries, weak leader, micro-manager

Election of 1860 effectively ended the South's power in congress, economic disparities, tension at climax, South's back against the wall

Southern Independence

Preserve the Union

North refused to abandon fort, south bombarded the fort for hours, north had to surrender, began the civil war

Population, Capital, manufacturing, Lincoln and cabinet, railroads, navy

King Cotton, defensive war, home field advantage, better Generals

Anaconda Plan, surround and squeeze south, blockades on ports

Start strong, get Britain and France to fight on their side

East- Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania. West- Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky

Union army humiliated, bloodiest day in history at that point, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson a hero, discouraged idea of a short war

Took votes away from Clay, arguably caused him to lose the election to James K Polk

McDowell, McClellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, Grant

Robert. E Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, Joseph E. Johnston

Bloodiest day in US history, McClellan vs Lee, Finds Lee's orders #191, does nothing with 25,000 reserved troops, piecemeal attacks fatal, Lee escapes, McClellan fired, had south suceeded, Britain and fance would have recognized the south

Northern General, pro-slavery, insubordinate, didn't want to fight, gave Lincoln BS excuses for futility, fired after Antietam

Union general in the west, wins every battle he fights in the war, best union general, Lincoln's answered prayer

Union general, engaged total war on the confederate states, burned 300 miles of land on his way to victory in Atlanta, devastating for the south

First battle with ironclads, revolutionized naval warfare, wooden ships from then on rendered useless

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Union naval hero, got passed southern port defenses, took over New Orleans, the South's largest cotton port

Submarine built by the south, didn't work, sank, those aboard drowned

Lead the Confederate army, one of the best military leaders in US history, numerous victories against the north despite being largely outnumbered, surrendered to Grant to end the war

Bunkers built by south, union attacked, almost a total massacre

Pioneer union nurse, founded the American Red Cross, provided medical service for injured troops throughout the entire war

Claimed as northern victory, used by Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation, he argued freeing slaves would help union win, military necessity, only freed slaves in confederate states, for union and liberty

Lee vs Burnsides, huge confederate victory, union very heavy casualties, frontal assault failure, Lee goes north to get recognition from Fr. And Br.

Lee and Jackson vs Hooker, confederate victory, gave south the confidence to move into the north, stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded in battle, huge loss for the south

Shot by his own men at the battle of Chancellorsville, had to amputate his arm, died of pneumonia a week later, terrible for southern morale

Meade vs Lee, union win, josh chamberlain saves the day, turning point in war, ended southern attempt to invade

Volunteer in union army, promoted all the way to brigadier general, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism at the battle of Gettysburg, held off confederate flank

Lincoln's speech following at Gettysburg about human equality and freedom for all people, "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth"

Grant vs Pemberton, decisive union victory, gave union control of the Mississippi, allowed north to "squeeze" the south

confederates surrounded union fort, Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest ordered the massacre of 300 black soldiers, outraged the north

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Lee vs Grant, decided the war, several battles ending in draws, huge casualties, lee eventually forced into Petersburg

General Lee's last stand, last 10 months, trench warfare, union cut off supplies, lee forced to surrender

Total war, union army raped, pillaged, and murdered civilians as they burned 300 miles of land on the way to Atlanta, news traveled north, Lincoln praised

Lee surrendered to Grant, effectively ended the war, south left in ruins

Abolished slavery, barely passed, had it not, slavery might have been reinforced in the south

protected industry in the north, named by south because of the negative effects it had on southern economy

Inherited Presidency, annexed Texas as a state by simple resolution

Freed slaves in confederate states, military necessity, Liberty and union

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Generals were shitty, insubordinate, incompetent

Nation was formed through compact agreed on by all states

Southern claimed they weren't being represented, no bloodshed if allowed to leave, should be voted on by states

South- secure independence, end political oppression from north, establish credibility as a nation with Britain and France North- Preserve the union, keep war as short as possible, end expansion of slavery

North- have corn industry grow and compete with cotton industry South- use cotton to draw in foreign allies

Closed down southern ports, halted trade, prevented transportation of southern supplies, part of anaconda plan

Union army roughly double the size of the South's, north had constant reinforcement, 179000 blacks enlisted for the north

Northern general, humiliated at first bull run, fired soon after

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Top southern general at the start of war, killed at Shiloh, Robert E. Lee emerged as leader of south

McClellan Vs Lee, union disaster

Southern offensive/victory, stonewall Jackson a hero, heavy union casualties, union retreat

McClellan Vs Lincoln, Lincoln saved by Sherman's march to the sea/ burning of Atlanta, wins reelection

First official African American unit, recruited free slaves, led by Robert shaw

Grant takes over, victories at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge

Confederate POW camp, horrific mistreatment, commander Henry Wirz tried and hanged for war crimes

No place in society, black codes enforced, hardly better off than before

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10% of voters loyalty oath, Ratify 13th amendment, pardons, no black vote, no land confiscation, radicals outraged

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Richmond, Atlanta, and Columbia destroyed, economy in ruins, Freeman's bureau established to help rebuild

Carnegie, Rockefeller, jay Gould, JP Morgan, Phillip armour

Destroyed slavery, power shift from south to north, shaped modern America, industrial growth, strengthened gov.