Geology Test 2 Mastering Geology

Compaction will be the most significant lithification process for which of the following rocks?

T/F: Folding and deformation will produce bituminous coal.

T/F: The raw material for coal is dead marine organisms.

Which rock is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?

________ processes such as evaporation and chemical activity can precipitate chemical sediments.

________ is a biochemical sedimentary rock that often forms in carbonate reefs.

________ is the process where calcium ions in limestone are replaced with magnesium or small amounts of iron.

Which rock type can contain fossils?

________ are fragments of pre-existing materials that have been broken down through the processes of weathering.

________ is the process where sediments are converted into a sedimentary rock.

What is diagenesis?

Which of the following mudstones displays fissility?

Which environment would be likely to produce a black shale?

Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?

T/F: Volcanic activity in the early history of the Earth is believed to be responsible for much of the CO2 found in the atmosphere.

Which of the following represents the single most common and characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?

A ________ marks the end of one episode of sedimentation and the beginning of another.

T/F: Graded bedding will display particle that are fine near the bottom of the layer and get progressively coarser toward the top.

A ________ describes how, when a sedimentary layer is examined in cross-section laterally, various parts of the layer consist of different sediments accumulating next to each other in different environments of deposition.

The primary basis for classifying detrital rocks is ________ whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is ________.

________ is the process where a rock changes form or mineral content as a result of environmental changes such as heat and pressure.

Which of the following is the parent rock for quartzite?

If clay minerals were buried at a depth where subsurface temperatures exceed 200°C, which mineral are they likely to become?

Which of the following lists of metamorphic rocks places the rocks in order from lowest metamorphic grade to highest?

Which of the following rocks represents the highest grade of metamorphism?

T/F: The geothermal gradient represents a decrease in interior temperature with decreasing distance from the surface.

What kind of force will create foliation in metamorphic rocks?

T/F: One possible parent rock for gneiss is granite.

Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a mantle plume?

________ metamorphism tends to occur in regions where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic materials accumulate in a subsiding basin.

In which geologic setting is the most widespread occurrence of hydrothermal metamorphism?

________ is a widespread type of metamorphism typically associated with mountain building.

Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism?

T/F: Hydrothermal metamorphism is responsible for the emplacement of metallic ore veins.

T/F: Water for hydrothermal metamorphism can be groundwater that has percolated down from the surface, which gets heated and circulated to assist metamorphism in high depth, high temperature environments.

________ are materials that are good indicators of the metamorphic environment in which they formed and can be used to distinguish between various zones of metamorphism.

What is a metamorphic facies?

Along which type of tectonic boundary will greenschists and blueschists form?

A(n) ________ facies is associated with a high pressure, low temperature environment.

Metamorphic rocks can sometimes contain unusually large grains surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of other minerals. These large crystals are called ________.

What is a fossil?

A mammoth frozen in the Arctic tundra of Siberia would be an example of which type of fossilization?

A worm burrow is an example of which type of fossilization?

T/F: In cast and mold fossilization, the cast is the hollow space in the rock that subsequently becomes filled with mineral matter.

T/F: Rapid burial is an important condition favoring preservation.

T/F: The fossil record is biased toward preserving organisms with hard parts.

What is correlation?

When correlating rock between widely separated areas or between continents, what feature do geologists rely on the most?

What is an index fossil?

What is an isotope?

Which era are we currently in?

________ is a term used to define 88% of Earth's history prior to the start of the Paleozoic Era.

T/F: The first life on Earth developed during the Cambrian Period.

What is the definition of relative dating?

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Superposition

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Original Horizontality

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Lateral Continuity

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Cross-Cutting Relationships

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Unconformities

Match the relative dating principles with the correct definition. Inclusions

T/F: Dip will always be 90° away from strike.

________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.

________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.

Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?

A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike slip movement are called ________ faults.

________ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.

Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?

Match the type of stress to the correct definition. Tension

Match the type of stress to the correct definition. Compression

Match the type of stress to the correct definition. Shear

T/F: Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.

Match the deformation with the correct definition. Elastic Deformation

Match the deformation with the correct definition. Ductile Deformation

Match the deformation with the correct definition. Brittle Deformation

A ________ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.

How will the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline be oriented?

A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal.

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?

T/F: The geological structures of a region will influence the topography of a region.

You are watching TV with a friend when there is a special bulletin about a city in California being devastated by an earthquake. The news anchor reports that the epicenter of the earthquake is 45 miles east of Los Angeles. How would you explain the definition of the epicenter to your geologically impaired friend?

The elastic rebound associated with earthquakes is an example of ________ deformation.

________ are smaller earthquakes of lesser magnitude that follow a major earthquake.

Which tectonic boundary is associated with megathrust faults?

Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded?

What is the term used to describe slow, gradual displacement along a fault without the accumulation of significant strain?

________ is a measurement of displacement on the fault surface.

T/F: Normal faulting is generally not associated with massive earthquakes.

T/F: Most faults are locked in place, except for brief, abrupt movements when sudden slippage produces earthquakes.

T/F: Rupture along a fault can stop if there is a large kink in the fault.

Which seismic wave will be released first during an earthquake?

Generally speaking, which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram?

T/F: Surface waves will move in all directions away from the focus.

Match the choices below to the correct description. This body wave is a compressional wave.

Match the choices below to the correct description. This body wave is a shear wave.

Match the choices below to the correct description. This surface wave moves from side to side.

Match the choices below to the correct description. This surface wave moves up and down.

Liquefaction will ________.

Where is the zone of greatest seismic activity on Earth?

Which of the following best describes a seismic gap?

Which physical property is responsible for determining how Earth materials separate out into interior layers?

What is a mineral phase change?

T/F: The magnetic north pole is currently moving toward the geographic north pole and the magnetic south pole is currently moving away from the geographic south pole.

A ________ is when an iron-rich fluid in the core is electrically charged and flowing, which generates a magnetic field.

Which of the following will not result in a seismic velocity anomaly when using seismic tomography?

Which of the following materials would cause the greatest gravity anomaly?

How is the shape of the Earth affected by its rotation?

Match the heat transfer mechanisms to the correct description of how heat is transported in or from the Earth. Radiation

Match the heat transfer mechanisms to the correct description of how heat is transported in or from the Earth. Conduction

Match the heat transfer mechanisms to the correct description of how heat is transported in or from the Earth. Convection

T/F: Short-lived radioactive isotopes are responsible for the heat generated in the interior today.

What is the average geothermal gradient in the mantle?

What is the average geothermal gradient in the crust?

Of the three mechanisms of heat transfer, which is the only one that does not operate in the interior of the Earth?

The ________ is a seismic boundary between the crust and the mantle where there is a dramatic increase in seismic wave velocity.

Which layer of the Earth makes up more than 82% of the volume of the planet?

How does water get from the surface to the middle of the mantle?

What do scientists use to determine the layering of the interior of the Earth?

________ is the process where materials separate into different layers due to density.

Where is oceanic crust generated?