GACE History 34, 35

Civilizations that arose in river valleys (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)

Cradle of civilization from the Persian Gulf to the Sinai Peninsula (coined by Egyptologist James Breasted)

The location of the first civilization, the Akkadians, led by Sargon

Mesopotamian civilization. Invented the wheel, developed irrigation, cuneiform.

Famous Babylonian Code of Laws

Built a collection of cities and satraps into the Persian Empire

Second oldest African civilization. Ruled by women. Worshiped Egyptian gods. Conquered by Nubians.

Religion developed by Aryans around 1500 BCE. Polytheists, hundreds of gods and goddesses. Caste system.

Developed in India from the teachings of the Prince Gautama. Opposed the worship of multiple deities, the Hindu caste system, and the supernatural. Worshipers must be free from worldly attachments and overcome suffering.

Chinese religion with no clergy, organization, belief in a deity, or belief in afterlife. Emphasizes political and moral ideas with respect for authority and ancestors.

Native Japanese religion based on folk beliefs worshiping spirits and demons in animals, trees, mountains, etc.

Chinese Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). One of the greatest periods in Chinese history. Became a Confucian state. Exercised influence over southeast Asia.

Greece

Each citizen has an equal vote. Adopted by many western nations.

Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

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Calculated the value of Pi

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The long period of peace enabling free trade and travel, spreading people, cultures, goods, and ideas

Founded by Genghis Khan. Expanded from SE Asia to central Europe.

conquered of the Mongol Empire

uniter of the Mongol Empire

First European to travel the Silk Road to China and return

People who dominated sub-equatorial Africa. One of the largest migrations in history (from N and W to the E and S). Introduced superior technology and agricultural advances. Swahili is a Bantu language.

Conquered by Muslim Berbers 1076. Sudanic Empire.

Sudanic Empire. Kings (called "Mansa") ruled over feudal states. Most powerful king was Mansa Musa. Blend of Islamic faith and traditional African belief.

Initially a province of Mali. By the 15th c., it surpassed all of Mali.

West Africa. Stone structures. Trade as far as China.

Site of an early West African kingdom known as Dahomey. Slave trade with Europeans. Decline after slavery. French took over 1892.

Trading system between England, Africa, and America.

Blending of Catholicism and traditional African beliefs. In Ethiopia, Greek Christians converted the King. The King of Kongo began converting people to Catholicism. However, since there were not many ordained clergymen, it was not a strict form of Catholicism. The same is true for Islam in Africa.

Muslim Chinese explorer that explored through the Indian Ocean and to the African coast

First to navigate the Cape of Good Hope, opening a new sea route to India (1498)

Sailed from Spain for India, found the New World (1492)

Spanish explorer, found passage through southern tip of South America (1520)

British sent Cabot to find a passage to Asia (like Columbus). Setup footholds in New World. (1497)

Frenchman established Quebec City and explored the Atlantic Coast

British navigator. Opened routes to Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand.

Exchange of people, animals, and plants from Europe to the New World after Columbus. Tomato, Potato, corn, chocolate, and tobacco were imported to Europe. Horses, cattle, coffee, bananas, and wheat were brought to the New World. Also Smallpox and Influenza.

Revolt led by slaves. Signaled the end of slavery.

Polish astronomer. Started Scientific Revolution. Heliocentric universe.

Dutch Astronomer. Cataloged his observations of the night sky. Kepler built on his work.

Confirmed the heliocentric universe. Laws of Planetary Movement.

Italian scientist. Defended heliocentric universe. Used telescope. Put under house-arrest by Church. Died in house-arrest.

English Scientist. Discover of gravity and pioneer of optics, calculus, and physics.

French Philosopher. "I think, therefore I am."

Pioneer of empiricism. Believer in value of skepticism.

German philosopher. "Dare to know." Intense self-evaluation.

Wrote Leviathan. Argued that government is essential for people to live in harmony.

Is the study of the past, especially aspects of the human past, political and economic events as well as cultural and social conditions

Within the study of history, causality is the analysis of the reasons for change

A prejudice or predisposition either toward or against something

A condition in which two things or groups rely upon one another

The state or perception of being a particular thing or person. Self-understand of groups or nations.

A particular type of political entity that provides a sovereign territory for a specific nation in which other factors also unite the citizens (language, race, ancestry, etc.)

The civilization, achievements, and customs of the people of a particular time and place.

200,000-100,000 - Pre-Historic Period • Hunter-gatherer society • End of the Ice Age • Increased human population

Humans crossed this land bridge from Siberia to the Americas (25,000 BCE).

Large projectile points used to hunt mammoths and other animals

A rock shelter in southwest Pennsylvania dating to 15,000 BCE

Ancient caves in Yukon, Canada containing human-worked mammoth bones from 13,000 BCE

an early Native American culture that thrived in eastern North America from 800 to 1500 C.E.

Native American tribes inhabited Georgia from the 1600s on

River upon which the Creek confederacy thrived

first European to describe the Native Americans in Georgia

Cherokee man invented an alphabet for the Cherokee language

Native American group occupied territory in Georgia when Spanish missions withdrew in 1706

a member of British Parliament, suggested that the land which would become Georgia should be a prison colony

Supported Oglethorpe's plans

Most important Enlightenment thinker. Wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government. Argued against Hobbes' view of the state. Argued Revolution is a right.

One of the most important political theorists before the French Revolution. Wrote The Social Contract. Humanity's intuitive goodness.

Military leader took power in Japan in 1600. Beginning of the Tokugawa Shogunate which held power until 1868.

Portuguese, Jesuit priest who came to Japan in 1549.

Response to imperial rule under the Qing Dynasty. Internal rebellions, widespread oppression, humiliation by foreign nations. Sun Yat-sen most successful revolutionary.