Psychology Test: Learning & Memory

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

any event or situation that evokes a response

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or though language.

a type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

a type of learning im which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior

increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

A positive reinforcer is anything that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is anything that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

an event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need

an event that gains its reinforcing power through its link with a primary reinforcer

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

A mental image of the layout of one's environment

learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

a desire to perform a behavior for it's own sake

a desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid a punishment

learning by observing others

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

the conscious of repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

the tendency to recall best the the last and first items in a list

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on fill-in-the-blank test

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time

any stimulus linked to a specific memory

that eerie sens that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

the tendency to recall experiments that are consistent with your good or bad mood

the blocking of a recall as old or new learning disrupts the recall of other memories

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

a memory that has been corrupted by misleading information

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.