What is the definition of learning?
Relatively permanent modification through experience
What are the four measures of conditioned response strength?
Probability of occurrence of CR, Latency of CR, Intensity of CR, Resistance to extinction
What is it called when reinforcement follows the correct response?
instrumental conditioning
learning to associate two stimuli, even unrelated stimuli, beyond the organism's control; involuntary; neutral stimulus can be made to trigger an unconditioned stimulus; Pavlov's dog salivation experiment (ex. dogs salivate at tone)
Classic conditioning
aversion therapy
any technique of behavior modification that uses unpleasant stimuli in a controlled fashion to alter behavior in a therapeutic way
method of successive approximations
sequence of stages used to elicit increasingly closer approximations of a desired behavior (methodical shaping) (think mouse and lever)
Name the six Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcementExtinction - never reinforceFixed Interval (FI) - A timeframe is chosen in which reinforcement is obtainedFixed ratio (FR) - A specific amount of responses e.g. one reward for 10 correct responsesVariable interval (VI) e.
g. 1 reward on average every ten minutesVariable ratio (VR) e.g. 1 reward for every 10 responses on average
For which schedules of reinforcement does learning increase linearly?
Variable interval and variable ratio
For which schedule of reinforcement does learning increase as a square root curve?
Extinction
For which schedule of reinforcement does learning increase as a scalloping curve?
Fixed interval and Fixed ratio
For which schedule of reinforcement does learning increase as an exponential curve?
Continuous reinforcement
acquisition
the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
What is the goat's raising of its head an example of ?
Response generalization
Give an example of a primary, secondary, and tertiary reinforcer:
food, money, poker chips
Learning through observation is an example of:
Latent learning
What is Specific memory span?
the number of items you can remember after seeing them once after a single presentation
modality effect
better recall performance for the last few items studied in a serial recall task when the list is read aloud versus read silently
What are three differences between short term and long term memory?
STM: more modality effect, active neural processes, spontaneous decayLTM: less modality effect, structural neural changes, no spontaneous decay
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma
confabulation
a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered
what is caused by consuming vast qualities of alcohol
Korsakoff Syndrome
what are four Factors Which Influence LTM Retention
Meaningfulness- at first, there is no difference between memorizing real words and non-sense words, but with time, the real words are more likely to be rememberedDegree of Learning- If you take more time to remember something, you will retain more, unless you've gone beyond 150% learningAmount of Interference: Because of retro or proactive interference, a group who memorizes one thing can recall it better than a second group that learns more than one thing.
Rest period of Group 1 allows for consolidation.Rate of Learning: Long term memory is not affected by rate of learning
memory consolidation
The biological process through which memories are transformed from a transient and fragile status to a more permanent and robust state; according to most researchers, consolidation occurs over the course of several hours.
Is long term memory affected by rate of learning?
no
What is the formula for long-term memory savings?
(OL - RL) / OL x 100%
What are the 5 theories of forgetting?
Physiological Trace Theory (time) -Consolidation turns STM into LTM by structural change in synapseInterferenceRepression -Freud's Theory -There are certain memories that we "don't want" to remember, so we repress themAppropriate retrieval StimuliQualitative Change theory -We forget because of both time and distortion
What are 3 Factors Which Influence Memory Gradient
-Genetics-Intensity of ECS-Duration of ECS
what are 3 drugs that disrupt long-term memory consolidation?
Convulsants, antibiotics, anesthetics
What are 3 drugs that facilitate long-term memory consolidation?
Stimulants, Strychnine, Picrotoxin
What are 2 Factors which influence Drug Facilitation of Memory
Genetics -Genetically stupid rats improve faster than genetically smart rats when given the same stimulants2) Rearing Environment- enriched environments raise smart mice
