Psychology in everyday life 3rd edition ch. 4

the roles & characteristics that a culture expects from those defined as male and female.

biological status, defined by your chromosomes and anatomy.

-men 4x more likely to commit suicide or become alcoholic. -more risk for antisocial personality disorder.

(autism, color-blindness, ADHD)-more likely to have childhood diagnosis.

-Women enter puberty faster. Live 5 yrs longer. -Carry 70% more fat, 20% less muscle, and 5 inches shorter-2x risk of developing depression and 10x risk eating disorder.

Minor physical aggression= men and women equalExtreme violent acts= men Relational aggression=women

physical or verbal intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.

Group Leadership= assigned to malesSalaries= higher salaries usually to menElections= women LESS successful than menWorld governing bodies= 80% malesLeadership Style= men are directive; women are democratic Interaction Style= men offer opinions; women offer support

All humans have the need to belong.Social Connections Women= more interdependent(rely on others), play in small groups and from intimate social relationshipsSocial Connections Men= independent, large groups for active competitive play. Social Networks= women's networks are larger.

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Genetic= males and females have different sex chromosomes Physiologically= males and females have different concentrations of sex hormones.

Mother; X or XFather; X or Y (father determines sex)7th week= Y chromosome engages testes to develop and produce testosterone.

Between 4th and 6th month: sex hormones in fetal brain support female or male wiring.

most important male sex hormone. both males and females have it, females just have less. The additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

-boys & girls enter puberty & mature sexually.

-pronounced physical differences emerge. -surge of hormones triggers a 2 yr period of rapid physical development.-primary & secondary sex characteristics develop dramatically. -Spermarche= 1st ejaculation about 14 yrs old.-Menarche= 1st menstrual period, w/n a year of age 12.

-Primary Sex Characteristics= the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. -Secondary Sex Characteristics= non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

period of which sexual maturation during which a person become cable of reproducing.

Possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes. Sex reassignment surgery.

born w/ combination of male and female physical features.

a set of social expectation behaviors for males or females. describes how others expect us to act.

our personal sense of being male or female; acquired in childhood

the theory that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others' gender-linked behavior and by being rewarded or punished.

Suggests more than imitation is involved; children gravitate toward what feels right.

learning to be male or female involves feeling AND thinking. Formation of schemas help children make sense of the world. Gender schemas form early in life and organize experiences of male-female characteristics

Before 1: Differentiation between male and female voice or faceAround 2: Gender labels emerge and division of people by gender improvesAround 3: Children seek out same-sex playmates activities Ages 5-6: rigid gender stereotype peak Parents, other adults, and society transit cultural views on gender.

Gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

Hormones drive sexual behavior. Testosterone and estrogens. Estrogens= sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

-Sex hormone influence across the life span. -Prenatal: Direct development as male or female-Puberty: Launches puberty-After puberty: Help activate and maintain sexual behavior

1.

Excitement (gentile areas fill w/ blood, swelling)2. Plateau (excitement peaks as breathing, blood pressure, and pulse rise)3. Orgasm (muscles contract all over body)4. Resolution (body gradually returns to unaroused state)5. Refractory Period (resting period)

Masters and Johnson goals 1. Describe the human sexual response cycle2.

Understand and treat problems that prevents people from completing that cycle.

-Impair sexual arousal or functioning. -Often involve sexual motivation, lack of sexual energy and arousability. -erectile disorder & premature ejaculation -female orgasmic disorder & female sexual interest/arousal disorder-sometimes involve paraphilias= does have sexual desire, but direct it in unusual ways.

Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons. only classifies such behavior as disordered if:1.

a persons experiences distress from his/her unusual sexual interest 2. in entails harm or risk of harm to others.

Sophisticated brain allows us to experience sexual arousal both from what is real and what is imagined.

-Men more aroused when erotic material aligns w/ personal sexual interest. -content and intensity of sexual experience arouse women.-Pornography mau decrease sexual satisfaction w/ own partner; may change perceptions about rape and other equal violence.

Sexual desire and arousal can be imaged. 90% of spinal-injurged men reported can still feel sexual desire.95% of people report having sexual fantasies. (males tend to be more frequent, more physical, and less romantic)

1. minimal communication about birth control 2. Passion overwhelming self-control (sexually aroused so hard to say no)3.

Alcohol Use4. Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity. (media helps write our social scrips and and shape them into expectations)

1. High intelligence 2. Religious engagement 3.

Father presence4. Participation in service learning programs.

Enduring sexual attraction toward members of either Same Sex =Homosexual Orientation (gay/lesbian)Opposite Sex= Heterosexual Orientation (straight)Both Sexes= Bisexual OrientationHeterosexual has prevailed and bisexual and homosexual have endured.

around the world, cultures vary widely in social norms for acceptable partners.

APA and WHO say efforts to change sexual orientation are unlikely to be successful & involve some risk of harm. In US, 60% support accepting homosexuality, 13% of women and 5% of men report some same sex contact. 3% of men and 1-2% of men report exclusive homosexuality.

-Not linked to problem parent-child relationships-Doesn't involve fear of hatred of opposite sex-Isn't linked w/ levels of hormones CURRENTLY in blood -To childhood molestation, seduction, or other sexual victimization.,

lack of evidence for environmental influences on homosexuality has led researchers to explore serval lines of biological evidence

same-sex sexual behaviors observed in several hundred species.

homosexual behavior seems a natural part of the animal world.

LeVay Postmortem brain structure research: cell cluster in hypothalamus larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men - *brain anatomy influences orientation. (1 hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men then in straight men)Savic Function studies: differential brain arousal in straight men and gay men and straight and lesbian women. (gay mens hypothalamus reacts as do straight women's to the smell of sex-realted hormones.)-Gay men shorter and lesbian women heavier than average at birth.

-Straight males tend to find this an easier task than do straight females, with gays and lesbians intermediate.

Family Studies: Homosexual is often transmitted through mother's side of family.Twin Studies: Homosexual orientation more likely shared by identical twins then fraternal twins. Fruit Fly Studies: Change in sexual orientation and behavior through alteration of 1 single gene.

hornmal changes during critical period in brain development between 2nd and 5th prenatal month may link to homosexual behavior (animal study results)

Older-brother or fraternal birth-order effect appear to be related to mother's defense responses to earlier male fetus. Men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay.

proposes that nature selects traits and appetites that contribute to survival and reproduction. Propose that nature selects behaviors that increase the likelihood of sending ones gene into the future.

Women more selective than men in mate selection: prefer men who appear mature, dominant, bold, and wealthy.Men prefer youthful shape and skin and other traits that convey health and fertility.

taking on a traditional masculine of feminine role

culturally learned concept of what it means to be male and female.

set of expected behaviors for male and female.