Learning Cognition and Memory

long-term change in mental representations or associations due to experience

an environmental event

a learner' reaction

learning is a system of stimuli from the environment and how the learner reacts to those stimuli and how those reactions change as stimuli change

learning is done by observing others and applying what happens to one's own behavior

Learning by imitating others; copying behavior.

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited

Belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully

The ability to control one's emotions and behavior

learning is done as a cognitive process in the brain through mental processes; behaviors can provide insight about perception, interpretation and manipulation done in the brain

learning is a creation of the mind based on observations and experiences

learning is affected by society and the culture a learner lives in and culturally influences thought processes become internalized as mental processes

a term denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge

particular way of mentally responding to or thinking about information or an event

Changing the format of information being stored in memory in order to remember it more easily.

A cell in the nervous system specialized to receive, process and/or transmit information to other cells.

tiny gap across which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell; reflects an ongoing by changeable connections

A start-shaped glial cell with diverse functions, including providing structural support for neurons, regulating the synaptic environment, facilitating synaptic transmission, and assisting in regulating the blood supply to the brain.

the upper and outer layers of the brain in humans; where most thinking, feeling and sensing occurs; place of conscious and complex cognitive processes

An indication that learning has persisted over time; our ability to store and retrieve information; the mental location where information is stored

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory

a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

focusing mental processes on particular stimuli

component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information.

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

knowledge related to "what is" that is, to the nature of how things are, were, or will be.

knowledge of the necessary steps to complete a task

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.

integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon, constructed with other learners or by one's self.

Learning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it.

cognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already know

Cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know.

cognitive process in which learners find connections among various pieces of information they need to learn

Forming mental pictures of objects or ideas

Ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task

intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular learning task

One's existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in general

A preference for information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discovering contradictory evidence.

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

construction of a logical but incorrect "memory" by combining information retrieved from long-term memory with one's general knowledge and beliefs about the world

The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

Fading of information from memory over time due to lack of use

process of reminding learners of things they already know relative to a new topic

knowledge about a topic acquired in an integrated and meaningful fashion

Length of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something.

Memory aid or trick designed to help students learn and remember a specific piece of information.

word or phrase that forms a logical connection, or bridge, between two pieces of information

Mnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects that either sound similar to or symbolically represent those ideas

familiar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information in order to facilitate recall

Significant revision of one's existing beliefs about a topic, enabling new and discrepant information to be better understood and explained

Deficiency in one or more specific cognitive processes despite relatively normal cognitive functioning in other areas

A disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity