when given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can:
accurately remember a large quantity of information
according to Vygotsky's theory, the social_approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and building of knowledge through social interactions
constructivist
which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?
child-centered kindergartens emphasize play, child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned, child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth
match each activity with the appropriate age at which can be achieved.
3 years old-hoping and jumping 4 years old-climbing a low jungle gym5 years old-running races with friends
In early childhood,_functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition.
executive
as trevor learns about long division, his mother first helps him a lot but gradually decreases the level of support. This is an example of:
scaffolding
children's safety is influenced by which of the following factors?
their family and home, their school and peers, their own behavior
which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?
theory of mind
_ _ is a cognitive approach that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.
information processing
which of the following symptoms are associated with autistic children?
difficulty developing a theory of mind, deficits in communication, deficits in social interactions
match the constructivist with the theory to which they belong.
children organize and reorganize previous knowledge-piaget's theorychildren organize through the social interactions-vygotsky's theoryfocuses on the individual- piagets theoryfocuses on context and collaboration- vygotsky's theory
the_ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.
montessori
the second stage of piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 is called the:
preoperational stage
which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?
modeling healthy eating habits, maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine, preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups.
which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United states with skills for school success?
head start
along with growth in height, growth in _ is one of the two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood.
weight
regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true?
there is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat.head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy
rank the main causes of death among children, from the highest incidence to the lowest incidence.
accidents, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hiv/aids
the preoperational thought substage that is called_ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions
intuitive
the awareness that people can have false beliefs, beliefs that are not true, occurs around:
5 years of age
which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?
running and jumping, climbing, racing.
which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piagets preoperational stage of cognitive development?
the centers for disease control and prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the _ percentile.
97th
which of the following statements best describe the montessori approach to early childhood education?
montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities, The philosophy of the montessori approach has gained popularity in the United states., Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers
_attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control in the toddler and preschool years. An increase appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their_ attention
executive; sustained
changes that began before birth contribute to the brains growth during early childhood. They are
myelination and increased dendrites
the metal awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others is known as the theory of
mind
children's processing speed_ throughout early childhood
increases
according to Vygotsky's theory, the social_ approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions.
constructivist
the focusing of attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is known as_.
centration
according to Piaget, the first substage of properational thought is the_ _ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
symbolic function
Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate:
contextual factors in learning
project_ _ is a U.S government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.
head start
which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities?
writing, talking, reading, listening
the failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally_ actions
reverse
all of the following would prevent many of the incidences of death among young children living in poverty around the world except:
a crackdown on generic medications
the retention of information over time is defined as_.
memory
two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood are:
sustained attention, executive attention
compared to the growth rate in infancy, in early childhood the percentage of increase in weight and height_ with each year
decreases
according to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true?
children communicate externally before developing internal speech., when self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.
, the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age
when it comes to the development of their literacy skills, children:
need to be active participants, should experience listening, talking, and writing as well as reading, need to be immersed in a wide range of experiences
children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as_, where as children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight
obese
engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the_ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
the awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as
conservation
marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of
animism
the contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called:
information processing
according to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform operations, which are defined as reversible _ actions
mental
according to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons?
social communication, problem solving, planning their behaviors
_ in education focuses on both the age-appropriate patterns in a child's growth, as well as the child's unique individual differences.
developmentally appropriate practice
which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech?
according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks., according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved and performance., Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development
which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought?
language, education, sociocultural context
according to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private_ to help solve tasks.
speech
ethnic origin and_ are two most important contributors to height
nutrition
which of Vygotsky's concepts can be used in the classroom
using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills., focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills., using assessments to provide information on a child's zone of proximal development
which of the following is the correct sequence for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational
Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S
African american, first born, Urban
which of the following statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood?
children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions., children begin to understand that what others see amy not be the same as what they see., children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child's desires
increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination
myelination
the percentage of U.
S children who are overweight has_ in recent decades.
increased dramatically
When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states they are in the_ thought substage
intuitive
preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.
syntax
early precursors of literacy and academic successes include all of the following, except:
metalinguistic awareness
the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called
egocentrism
which of the following statements best represent common results from piaget's classic task of conservation?
children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid., children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid
which of the following describe strategies belonging to Vygotsky that have been used in the classroom setting?
encouraging children to develop private speech in the classroom to aid in problem-solving tasks., providing more real-life learning experiences thatn abstract presentations in classroom instruction., using more-skilled peers as "teachers"
although nearly all head start programs have a positive influence on children's development,_ of head start programs are of questionable quality.
40%
which of the following statements accurately describes research findings regarding the consequences of parental smoking?
children being raised in homes with parental smoking have an increased risk of developing asthma conditions., children being raised in homes with parental smoking have an increased risk of developing health problems., Roughly 22% of children and adolescents are exposed to parental smoke in their homes
preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit_ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.
planfulness
according to research of Zigler and colleagues 2006, quality universal preschool programs could prepare all U.S children for both school readiness and academic
success
Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations.
This is primarily because
the understanding of pragmatics improves with age
in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the_ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.
frontal
the focusing of mental resources on select information is called
attention
Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises?
children's cultural environment influences their thinking process., children actively construct their knowledge and understanding., children develop cognitive skills through societal tools
the social ill of_ contributes great to the illness and mortality rates in developing countries
poverty
guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in_ of physical activity per day.
2 hours
students who attended the perry preschool program, an alternative to the head start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend perry?
fewer teen pregnancies, higher high school graduation rates, a greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40
what type of memory increases during early childhood until approximately the age of sever?
short-term memory
information is more accurately recalled by young children when
the interviewer has a neutral tone., there are no misleading questions asked
a study of U.S 2 and 3 year olds found that_ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume
french fries
Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and_ develope independently before merging.
thought
what does vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
zone of proximal development
a major environmental danger that increases the likelihood of childhood asthma and other respiratory conditions is parental
smoking
children who understand morphology rules use all of theory rules use all the following parts of speech, except:
conjunctions
sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by:
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
_ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition
games
according to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
social hierarchy, division of labor
a child who uses the cordless phone as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?
pretense/symbolic
_ states that gender typing emerges when children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
gender schema theory
what are the three proposed social theories of gender?
social role theory, psychoanalytical theory, social cognitive theory
_ _ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective talking
what type of impact does television have on young children?
significant
observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?
social cognitive
_ play combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representations of ideas, and it occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution
constructive
which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family., to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities
math the definition to the corresponding style of play.
practice- involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports pretense/symbolic- involves physical environment transformed into a symbolsocial- involves social interactions with peers.constructive- combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
_ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
moral
according to social role theory, gender differences result from the _ roles of women and men.
contrasting
what characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?
physical activities, physical attributes, material attribuites
a gender _ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
role
which of the following is not as self-conscious emotion?
fear
young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow immediately. This is a belief in:
immanent justice
_involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the others's feelings.
empathy
which of the following statements about the human life span is true?
the maximum life span is 122 years, in the 20th century, the human life span has increased by 30 years in the united states., the upper boundary of the human life span is based on the oldest age documented., the maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history
in contrast to Freud, who proposed stages of_ development, Erikson developed an eight-stage _ theory of development.
psychosexual; psychosocial
a specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is referred to as a
hypothesis
match each of Freud's stages of psychosexual development with its description
oral stage- infant pleasure centers on mouthanal stage- child pleasure centers on anusphallic stage- child pleasure focuses on genitalslatency stage- sexual interest is repressedgenital stage- sexual interest is reawakened
rank, in order from the first to last, the steps in the scientific method
1) conceptualize a problem2) collect research data3) analyze data4) draw conclusions
select the four ways of measuring age from the list below.
biological, social, chronological, psychological
madeline has become very active in a number of political and social organizations. She is very passionate about mentoring younger people.
Madeline is probably in _ adulthood
middle
Julie mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. She has recently developed more self-control and is very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of:
middle childhood
match the process of development with its example
biological- physical stature cognitive- language and intelligencesocioemotional- relationships with others
which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development?
nature and nurture., stability and change., continuity and discontinuity
which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?
experimental research
which of the following correctly describe the life-span perspective of human development?
it occurs throughout life., it involves growth and change
Nick's mother and mother-in-law are both in their 50's and are currently both experiencing menopausal symptoms.
This would be an example of a _ influence.
normative age-graded
the _ precesses refer to changes in thought
cognitive
match the various conceptualizations of age with their description.
biological age- involves knowing the functional capacities of a persons vital organs.psychological age- involves adaptive capacities ( such as flexibility and motivation) as compared with others of the same chronological agesocial age- involves connectedness with other and roles individuals adoptchronological age- age of a person in terms of years
sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the _ _ period of development.
early childhood
match each of the three major types of research design with its correct description
descriptive- aims to observe and record behaviorexperimental- aims to determine cause and effectcorrelational- aims to assess the strength of the relationship between or among variables
the term _ refers to the capacity for change
plasticity
the "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as:
a biological and genetic perspective
which of the following statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental state in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
there is a crisis that must be resolved., there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
ethnicity is rooted in
cultural heritage, nationality, race
amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends that with her family. Amanda is most likely in the developmental period of:
adolescence
which of the following types of research design cannot provide causal reasons for the relationship between variables?
descriptive, correlational
which of the following is NOT a reason why life expectancy has increased by 30 years in the last century?
weeding out genetic mutations
_ refers to characteristics of people as males and females
gender
ducklings will follow the first moving object that they see, usually their mother.
This process is called
imprinting
_ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles individuals adopt.
social
match the main developmental issues with its description
nature vs. nurture- involves how much of our development is impacted by biology and how much by the environment continuity vs. discontinuity- involves how much of our development is gradual/cumulative and how much is stage-likestability vs.
change- involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist or evolve throughout development
the goal of _ research is to measure the strength of the relationship between or among variables
correlational
konrad_ , a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence.
lorenz
which of the following are characteristics or components of the late adulthood period of development?
it may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health., it lasts until death., it begins when people are aging into their 60's or 70's
which of the following examples most accurately represents what developmentalists understand regarding the age ranges of developmental periods
one adolescent may enter early adulthood at the age of 19, whereas another adolescent may not enter early adulthood until the age of 21
according to _, the presence or absence of certain experiences during critical periods has a long-lasting influence on people.
ethologists
life-span _ is defined as the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span
development
jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomena of social anxiety.
Jessica has formed a(n):
theory
_ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation
culture
research has linked poverty to greater turmoil, parent-child separation, violence, crowding, and poor housing. By presenting such findings to the government, researchers hope to lead to changes in _ _ in order to improve children's lives
social policies
Dr. Abby is a clinical psychologist who specializes in seeing clients who are trying to lose weight. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on:
health and wellness
_ is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.
infancy
the _ period of development is the time from conception to birth
prenatal
the_ period of development is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many selecting a mate.
early adulthood
Dr. Ramirez has decided to send out 3,000 questionnaires asking people to self-report on their television-viewing habits. The type of research Dr. Ramirez is most likely conducting is
survey research
aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real life phenomena.
She would most likely adopt a/an ) approach to life-span development
eclectic theoretical orientation
culture is based on the _ of a group of people
patterns of behavior, beliefs, and all other products
which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs?
standardized research
match the ethical principal with the correct explanation of the principle.
informed consent- participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdrawconfidentiality- information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants information will remain anonymous.debriefing- participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has endeddeception- for study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data.
This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.
which of the following are cognitive theories of development?
Piaget's developmental theory., Vygotsky's sociocultural theory., information-processing theory
when conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of _ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age
cohort
the observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as_ observation
naturalistic
both the behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:
continuity in development
a method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as _ research.
observational
which of the following are key factors of Bandura's social cognitive theory?
cognition, environment, behavior
in an experiment, a(n)_ variable is manipulated by the experimenter whereas a(n) _ variable is measured for change in response to the manipulation
independent, dependent
Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?
descriptive
which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
chronosystem, macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, mesosystem
functional magnetic resonance imaging is a _ measure used to collect research data.
physiological
which of the following are methods of data collection?
case studies, physiological measures, observation, surveys and interviews
which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?
social interaction, culture
the_ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 t0 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.
adolescent
according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is _ (qualitatively/quantitatively) different in one stage compared with another.
qualitatively
which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills.
information-processing
according to skinner's _ conditioning theory, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
operant
Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. Tamara is participating in a _ study.
longitudinal
which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory?
participants usually know they are being studied.
, it is not a natural setting
a research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _approach.
cross-sectional
cognitive processes refer to changes in the following areas.
thought, intelligence, language
observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of_ collection.
data
marina is interested in researching the effects of teacher-to-child ratio on academic achievement. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on:
education
which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?
Erikson
which of the following are variables found in experimental research?
dependent, independent
which of the following apply to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
organization and adaptation are important., it consists of four stages
the_ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
ethological
a _ is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.
laboratory
the information-_ theory of development emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize it.
processing
which of the following statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
there is a crisis that must be resolved., there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data?
checking blood levels of hormones., functional magnetic resonance imaging
which of the following are considered teratogens?
drugs, cigar smoke, paternal age, maternal stress, alchol
the outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the
trophoblast
the evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called
natural
match the time frame of prenatal growth with the name of the developing organism
conception to two weeks post-conception-zygotetwo weeks to eight weeks post conception-embryotwo months post-conception to birth-fetus
small for date infants:
may be preterm or full-term
two weeks after childbirth are referred to as the_ period, which lasts about six weeks
postpartum
regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?
there is an increased risk of birth defects in offspring of older fathers, if a father smokes during the mothers pregnancy, there is an increased risk for miscarriage.
which genetic disorder occurs primarily in african americans
sickle cell anemia
in a _ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen
cesarean
which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
marijuana, caffeine, heroin, nicotine
normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy,_ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl
ultrasound sonography
the natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mothers pain:
with relaxation techniques, through education, by decreasing her fears
during the germinal period, the fertilized egg, known as a_, is created, and cell division and implantation take place.
zygote
the _ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and the offspring that intertwine but do not join
placenta
in the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and infant forms. This attachment is known as
bonding
