Educational Psychology Chapter 7: Behavioral Views and Learning

Experience, including practice, causes a relatively permanent change in an individual's knowledge or behavior.

The change may be deliberate OR unintentional, for better or for worse, correct or incorrect, and conscious or unconscious.

Explanations of learning that focus on external events in observable behaviors.

Association of two events because of repeated pairing.

Event that activates behavior.

Observable reaction to a stimulus.

Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.

Responses, generally automatic or involuntary, elicited by specific stimuli.

1. When they are similar.2. When they contrast.

3. When they are contiguous. This last one is most important, because it is included in all explanations of learning by association.

A term used by physicians that describes people whose blood pressure, and involuntary response, goes up when it is tested in the doctor's office, usually by someone in a white coat.

Stimulus not connected to a response.

Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response.

Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.

Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning.

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Voluntary, and generally goal-directed, behaviors emitted by a person or an animal.

Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.

Events that precede an action.

Events that follow an action.

Use of consequences to strengthen behavior.

Any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

1. Positive reinforcement.2. Negative reinforcement.

Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior.

Strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs.

Irritating or unpleasant.

Process that weakens or suppresses behavior.

Involves decreasing or suppressing behavior.

1. Type I or presentation punishment.2. Type II or removal punishment.

Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior.

Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior.

Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response.

Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses.

1. Interval schedule.2. Ratio schedule.

Length of time between reinforcers.

Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers.

The disappearance of a learned response.

Capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors.

Instructions that are concise, clear, and specific, and that communicate an expected result. Statements work better than questions.

Providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behavior.

A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue.

The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior.

Systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behavior.

Ignoring inappropriate behaviors, while being sure to reinforce appropriate behaviors as soon as they occur.

1. Be contingent on the behavior to be reinforced.2.

Specify clearly the behavior being reinforced.3. Be believable.

Principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity.Sometimes referred to as Grandma's Rule.Example: First, do what I want you to do, and then you may do what you want to do.

Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior.

Small components that make up a complex behavior.

System for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills.

Practicing correct responses immediately after errors.

Students replace one behavior with another.

Criticisms for misbehavior, rebukes.

Punishment by loss of enforcers.

Removal of a disruptive student for 5 or 10 minutes.

Technically, the removal of all reinforcement. In practice, isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time.

Arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior.

Rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct.

A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege.

System in which tokens for academic work and/or good behavior can be earned and exchanged for a reward.

The processes of understanding the "why" of a problem behavior.

Interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student.

Involves identifying the context for a student's misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to make the problem behavior less likely then rehearsing the expected positive behavior with powerful reinforcers.

Use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior.

Controlling your own reinforcers.

1. Goal setting.

2. Monitoring and evaluating progress.3. Self-reinforcement.

Theory that emphasizes learning through observing others.

Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions.

Learning by observation and imitation of others - vicarious learning.