Digestive system learning outcomes

digestion breaks food into particles small enough to pass through the cells plasma membrane; after digestion circulation carries nutrients to the cells in every part of the body (absorption); undigested waste material is eliminated

mucous membrane: the epithelium has multiple layers of squamous cells & remainder of digestive tract simple columnar; goblet cells are between epithelial cellssubmucosa: blood vessels & nervessmooth muscle layer: aids in peristalsisserous membrane: simple squamous epithelium & loose connective tissue which forms part of the peritoneum

mescentery: double layered & shaped like fan; the handle is attached to the posterior abdominal wall & the expanded long edge is attached to small intestine; the section of the peritoneum that extends from the colon to the posterior abdominal wall is the mesocolongreater omentum: lg double layer of fat that hangs over the front of the intestine; extends from the lower border of the stomach to the pelvic cavity & loops back up to the transverse colon; a smaller membrane called the lesser omentum extends between the stomach & the liver

the mouth: ingestion. mastication, salivary amylase, deglutitionthe teeth:incisors (cutting teeth), cuspids (canines) grip and tear food, molars are lg posterior grinding teeth; dentin (main substance in teeth harder than bone, enamel is the hardest substance in the bodythe pharynx: the soft palate & uvula prevent food from entering nasal cavity; the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynxesophagus: 10 in long tube that lubricates foodthe stomach: J shaped organ with 2 sphincters that separate it from organs above & below; the LES (cardiac sphincer) separates the esophagus from the region of stomach close to the heart; the pylorus (pyloric sphincter) is important in regulating how rapid food moves into small intestine; secretes gastric juice containing HCl & pepsin; chyme is a mix of gastric juice& food that leaves the stomach to enter the SIthe small intestine: the 1st 10 inches is the duodenum; jejunum is is the middle of SI; remaining portion is ileum; SI secretes enzymes that digest proteins & carbs & digestive juices from lives & pancreas enter through hole in the duodenum; most digestion, absorption of digested food, water & minerals takes place in the SI with help of villi; each villus contain blood vessels through which digestion products are absorbed into bloodthe large intestine: 5 ft long named for its diameter not its length; begins in the lower right region of abdomen; the 1st part is the cecum; between the ileum of the SI & the cecum is a spincter (ileocecal valve) that prevents food from backing up into SI; the 2nd portion is the ascending colon; the sigmoid colon leads to the rectum; secretes mucus but no enzymes; food is not digested but water is reabsorbed; food residue is stored & bacteria that live in the colon act to produce vit K & some B complex vitamins

salivary glands: lysozymes help reduce bacterial growth; salivary amylase converts starch to sugar; saliva is manufactured by 3 parts of glands (partoid, submandibular, sublingual)the liver: the liver is supplied blood through the portal vein & hepatic artery; manufactures bile; stores glucose in form of glycogen; stores some vitamins & iron; forms blood plasma proteins, destroys RBC's creating bilirubin; synthesizes ureathe gallbladder: bile from the liver flows into the hepatic ducts then up through the cystic duct connected w the gallbladder; the pancreas: produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, carbs, & nucleic acids; the protein digesting enzymes are produced in inactive forms which are converted to active forms in the SI by other enzymes; releases lg amounts of sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidic chyme in the SI; functions as an endocrine gland producing hormones insulin & glucagon that regulate sugar metabolism

it proccesses fats; the salts contained in the bile act as detergent to emulsify fat by breaking it into small droplets; bile also aids in fat absorption in the small intestine

bile leaves through the common hepatic duct and after collecting bile from the gallbladder the duct becomes the common bile duct and delivers bile to duodenum

enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions; lipase digests most fats after bile divided it into particles, fats are then broken down into simpler compounds (glycerol & fatty acids); amylase changes starch to sugar; trypsin splits proteins into amino acids which are absorbed through the intestine; nucleases digest DNA & RNA

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most absorption takes place through the villi and mucosa of the SI; most fats are absorbed my the villis more permeable lymphatic capillaries (lacteals), the mix of lymph & fat globules that drain from the SI after fat has been digested (chyle) eventually enters the blood when the lymph drains in veins near the heart; minerals & vitamins ingested with food are also absorbed from the SI, they dissolve in water & are absorbed directly into blood

each villus is an arteriole & venule bridged with capillaries, simple sugars, sm proteins, amino acids, & some fatty acids are absorbed into blood through these capillaries; each villus contains blood vessels through which most digestion products are absorbed by the blood; they also contain a lacteal

when chyme enters the duodenum nerve impulses inhibit stomach motility so food wont move to rapidly to SI, this is an example of negative feedback

gastrin: in stomach stimulates release of gastric juicesecretin: in the duodenum stimulates insulin release of water & bicarbonate from pancreas, stimulates release of bile from liver, inhibits stomachgastric inhibatory peptide: stimulates insulin release from pancreas when glucose enters duodenum; inhibits release of gastric juicecholecystokinin: in duodenum stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas, stimulates release of bile from gallbladder; inhibits the stomach

peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), diseases of the mouth & teeth, disorders of esophagus & stomach (hiatal hernia, GERD, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, intestinal disorders (appendicitis, IBD, Crohn disease, gastroenteritis, diverticulitis), constipation, intestinal obstruction, infection of salivary glands (parotitis), cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, gallstones, pancreatitis

blood & sex transmitted, no vaccine

blood to blood, no vaccine

underdeveloped regions, no vaccine

commonly transmitted through fecal matter & contaminated food & water, has vaccine

transmitted through blood & body fluids but can be spread through fecal contamination; people with this form of hepatitis may be carriers with no symptoms; usually transmitted through needles