Chapter 7: Ethnicity Key Issue 3

- Horn of Africa and central Africa two areas within sub-saharan where conflicts among ethnic groups are tough - Horn of Africa makes up Dijbouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia

- Eritrea (along Red Sea) was Italian colony in 1890, Ethiopia captured by Italy in 1930s --> Ethiopia regained independence and UN gave Eritrea to Ethiopia - Ethiopia dissolved legislature and banned use of local language -- Eritrea rebelled and began 30 year fight for independence - Eritrea won and became independent state but more fighting because of dispute over location of border - Both justified claim through treaties with Italy, Ethiopia won - Eritrea has nine major ethnic groups and split between Christian and Muslim - Ethiopia controlled by Amharas in 1990s, power went to combo of ethnic groups -- Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists) are 40% of pop.

- Civil war since 1980s between black Christian and animist rebels and Arab-Muslim-dominated government in North -- black southerners resist government attempts to convert country from multi-ethnic to one nationality with Muslim traditions - segregate sexes in public -- single sex schools, women can't sit near bus driver, women sporting events held in private, no jewelry or perfume in restaurant, accompanied by man after dark, can wear colorful gowns but must be covered, streetlights installed to prevent lovebirds from vanishing - 2 million Sudanese (5%) died in war, 1 million forced to migrate to north or Ethiopia from south, south pushed for independence - Ethnic war in Darfur region, black Africans launched rebellion -- Arab nomads (janjaweed) with support of gov't crushed them

- mostly Sunni Muslims and speak Somali - 6 major ethnic groups (clans) each divided into sub-clan North: Isaak, Darod, Dir South: Digil, Hawiye, Rahanwayn - Darod sub-clan Mahareen ruled until 1991 when rebels from Hawiye clan took control of south and Isaak gained control of north - Isaak clan said north was separate state and had own flag and currency, Somaliland (20% of land and 40% of people) ruled by British during colonies and Italy had the rest, put together in 1960 - US sent troops to protect delivery of food by relief organizations to refugees and reduce weapons within clans and sub-clans -- troops withdrew - Islamist militias controled in 2006 by overthrowing warlords --- Somalis supported to restore country

- largest Christian sect (2/3 of Christians in country) named Maronite, second largest (1/6) is Greek Orthodox, other (1/6) is Greek Catholic, Armenian, Syrian Orthodox, Chaldeans - about 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, 30% other - 2/3 Muslims belong to one of many Shiite sects - largest is Mitwali but others like Hezbollah have gained power - Druze is non-Christian and non-Muslim (combines Islam and Christianity) - each religion required to be represented in Chamber of Deputies according to percent, Maronites in West Central, Sunnies in NW, Shiites in South and East - Capital Beirut divided between east Christian and West Muslim zones, government system was created when Christians had majority and controlled businesses but Muslims demanded equality - Civil war in 1975, each religion fromed private army to guard territory

- East Pakistan became Bangladesh, separated West and East Pakistan because of ethnicty -- primarily Muslim but those in India were Hindu - When British took India, struggle began with Hindus and Muslims fighting each other and British rulers, Muslims thought British discriminated more against them - Huge migration because boundary did not really correspond to ethnicity territories - Line of control in region with Pakistan administering NW Portion and India SE Portion -- Muslims fought guerrilla war to secure reunifying of Kashmir - Sikhs in India resent that they don't have their own country

- fighting between Sinhalese (74%) and Tamils (18%) - Sinhalese converted to Buddhism -- Sinhalese is Indo-European language in Indo-Iranian branch - Tamils are Hindu and Tamil language is in Dravidian family - Sinhalese dominated government military an dmost commerce, tamils feel they suffer discrimination and received support of rebellion from Tamils in other countries -- assassinated Sinhalese president in 1993 and wounded next one in 1999