Chapter 7: Ethnicity Key Issue 1

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographical areas - In South Africa, four races: white (14%), colored (mixed 8%), black (75%), Asian (3%) - Blacks restricted to certain occupations and payed lower wages for similar work, couldn't vote or run for political office - Whites created apartheid system - 4 main homelands (provinces/states) for blacks - repealed in 1991, all South Africans could vote in 1994, Mandela elected first black president - Black South Africans have achieved political equality but are still poorer than whites

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions - important to geographers because its characteristics derive from the distinctive features of particular places on Earth - contemporary geographers reject biological basis of classifying humans into races because features not rooted in certain places

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor - transferred from parent to child (genetic)

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

• Hispanics -> Southwest (14%) - Arizona, New Mexico, Texas • African Americans -> Southeast (12%) - Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina • Asian Americans -> West (1%) - Hawaii, California • Native Americans ->Southwest and Plains (1%)

• Hispanics have more specific ethnic or national origin • Chicanos are subset of Hispanics (Mexico)

• 4% of US • 1/2 live in CA • 95% are lactose intolerant

1% of US population

- 1/4 in cities - 3 major migration flows: Africa to colonies (needed laborers for growing cotton and tobacco), south to northern cities (after Civil War to get industrial jobs in 1910s and 1920s, 1940s and 1950s), inner-city ghettos to urban city neighborhoods (1950s and 1960s)

consist of African Americans who migrate from the south, immigrants from Latin America and Asia

Europeans brought cloth and other trade goods, brought slaves to Caribbean and returned with molasses and sugar to Europe (opt. molasses carried from Caribbean to colonies and rum from colonies to Europe)

works field rented from owner and pays rent by giving a share of crops to owner, burdened poor African Americans with high interest and large debts

- terms for neighborhoods in which Jews were forced to live during the Middle Ages - 1/2 million African Americans in Chicago's 3 square mile ghetto

• Asian=race, Asian American = ethnicity • African American=ethnicity, blacks=ethnicity • Hispanic/Latino=ethnicity, can select any race they want (white, black, or other)

Plessy vs. Ferguson court case, Louisiana law constitutional because of "separate but equal" facilities - result was Jim Crow Laws to separate blacks from whites

After Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, KS when separate but equal ruled unconstitutional, desegregation started and whites fled to get away from black people, instead of integrating

Realtors would get white families who lived near black communities to sell houses for cheap and then sold houses to black families for obscene amount of money - because of this, neighborhoods changed from all-white to all-black within months