Christian missions
Had significant success in the 16th century (Under the Jesuits)
Anti-Christian Campaign
Launched by the Tokugawa shoguns Feared any movement that might help the daimyo Buddhists and Confucians resented Christian exclusivity
"Dutch Learning"
One permitted connection to the outside world Dutch merchants permitted to trade at Nagasaki (Deshima) Japanese scholars permitted to learn Dutch and read Dutch books Shoguns enthusiastic proponents of Dutch learning by mid - 1700s European art, medicine and science began to influence Japanese scholars