Chapter 1 Psych Terms

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

includes all of our outword or overt actions and reactions example: talking, facial expressions, movement

all internal, covert (hidden) activity of our minds example: thinking, feeling, remembering

observing a behavior and noting everything about it WHAT IS HAPPENING? WHERE IT HAPPENS? WHOM IT HAPPENS? UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IT SEEMS TO HAPPEN.

general explanation of a set of observations or facts.

change a behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one.

determining what will in the future.

finding an explanation from data.

person who applied scientific principles to the study of the human mind.

CONSCIOUSNESS, THE STATE OF BEING AWARE OF EXTERNAL EVENTS, COULD BE BROKEN DOWN INTO THOUGHTS, EXPERIENCES, EMOTIONS, AND OTHER BASIC ELEMENT.

the process of objectively examining and measuring ones own thoughts and mental activities.

"father of psychology"

focus of study was the structure of the mind. EDWARD TITCHENER idea because of using thoughts and PHYSICAL SENSATIONS.

Person who believed that every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.

Titchener's first woman grad student who wrote : "the animal mind"

First class in America to offer classes in psych in 1870's

How the mind allows people to function in the real world- how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings -William James - FOUND IN organizational psychology, organizational psychology

physical traits that help an animal adapt to its environment and survive are passed on to its offspring, becoming part of the animal's trait.

denied a degree from Harvard because she was a girl

first African American to earn Ph.D in Psych

Hispanic; conducted research in the area of intelligence testing, focusing on the cultural biases in such tests.

studying the application of psychological concepts to education.

studying the application of psychological concepts to businesses, organizations, and industry.

person who felt that psychological events such as perceiving and sensing could not be broken down into any smaller elements and still be properly understood. "Naturally seek out patterns ("wholes") in the sensory information available to them. "GESTALT"

the focus on studying whole patterns rather than small pieces of them. mental processes and learning

a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving; the basic GESTALT principles of perception are still taught within this newer field.

GESTALT THERAPY

He was a neurologist who studies disorders of the nervous system. STUDIED THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND into WHICH WE PUSH, OR REPRESS, ALL OF OUR THREATENING URGES AND DESIRES. phobias - unconscious problems that build up.

Sigmund Frued believe _______ was developed in the first 6 years of life.

theory and therapy based on Freud's ideas, has been the basis of much modern psychotherapy

a process in which a trained psychological professional helps a person gain insights into and change his or her behavior.

a person who works with dogs; salvation.

a learned reflexive response. word that has to do with Ivan Pavlov dog salvation.

person with his own "science of behavior.

" - behavioralism; observable behavior. behavior is learned phobia- learned through the processes of conditioning and set out to prove it.

something that could be directly seen and measured.

Little Albert (and causing a rat/fuzzy animal phobia.) has to do with what psychologist?

Little Peter (white rabbits phobia) has to do with what psychologist? -counterconditioning- evening things out; One thing good/with one thing bad.

focus on the unconscious mind and its influence over conscious behavior and on early childhood experiences, there is less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations and more emphasis on the development of a self of social and interpersonal relationships, and motivations behind a persons behaviors.

behavioral response is reinforced with a pleasurable behavior.

-kid cries ----> mom pays attention to them (gives attention) BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

The perspective that is also know as the "third force" in psychology. - free will -self actualization

the freedom to choose their own destiny

achievement of ones full potential

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on what type of psychology?

focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning has become a major force in psychology. -studying the brain

study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes. use: MRI's, fMRI's, and PETs

a perspective that include social psychology and cultural psychology. -Lev Vygostsky's (children cognitive development.

) -effect people have on each other (indiv. or in a group.) and how they behave due to what they have been exposed to.

contrast and comparisons of a behavior or issue are studied in at least two or more cultures.

the tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for taking action when others are present.

the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. also known as physiological psychology, biological psychology, psychobiology, behavioral neuroscience, biopsycholgy.

human and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body. Effectors/causes of behavior and mental events : hormones, heredity, bain chemicals, tumors and diseases

The topics sleep, emotion, aggression, sexual behavior, and learning and memory + disorders are studied by what professionals?

focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

-why we lie, etc. -research in men + woman

no medical training but a doctorates degree.

medical degree and is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

trained in the same area of social work and usually possesses a master's degree in that discipline.

research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge

research aimed at answering real-world practical problems.

-can take it from basic research

Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics? A) humanistic B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) Evolutionary

Which perspective offered the best explanation for schizophrenia? A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) biopsychological D) humanistic

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a clients early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?

questions that can be tested through direct observation to experience.

observation that a researcher blends in and people don't know that they are there so they don't act differently.

animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally anyway.

to participate in your own research questions to blend in.

when the person doing the observing has a particular opinion about what he or she is going to see or expects to see.

people who do not know what the research question is and have no preconceived notions about what they "should" see.

observation done in a laboratory. DISADVANTAGE: artificial behavior and situation.

Naturalistic, laboratory, case studies, and surveys are what kind of research methods?

which one individual is studied in great detail. -Sigmund Freud - takes a long time -vulnerable to bias

people deliberately give what they think is the most socially correct answer rather than their true opinion in order not to offend anyone.

is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables.

anything that can change or vary

represents the direction of the relationship and its strength.

if one goes up the other goes up. if one goes down the other goes down.

if one goes up then the other goes down.

Correlation does not cause _______________

it specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.

variable that is manipulated in any experiment

the response of the participants that is measured to see how the independent variable effected it.

variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest.

group that is exposed to the independent variable (changing variable)

group that is exposed to the dependent variable (not changing variable)

effecting the experiment due to the experimenter giving clues on how to answer the prompt. body language, tone, eye contact etc. - the behavior of the experimenter cause the participant to change his/her response pattern.

participants are blind to the treatment they receive. PLACEBO

neither the participants nor the person or persons measuring the dependent variable know who got what.

groups of psychologist or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study.

animals are used in ____% of psychological studies.

What is the first guideline fro doing human research? A) participants have to give informed consent. B) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings. C) the rights and well-being of the participants must come first. D) data must remain confidential.