people who are skilled in an activity often have
trouble teaching a beginner
people progress through _____ (_______) as they learn a motor skill
stages (phases)
what are the two models proposed to identify and describe the stages
Fitts and Posner 3 Stage & Gentile 2 Stage
what are Fitts and Posner's 3 stages of motor skill learning
1 Cognitive, 2 Associative, 3 Autonomous
During Fitts & Posner's Cognitive stage the task is
completely new
the questions inloved in Fitts & Posner's cognitive stage involve
what to do, when to do it, how to do it
during Fitts and Posner's cognitive stage, it is important to, when teaching
relate to something that they know
During Fitts and Posner's verbal-cognitive stage there are many
errors and rough estimation
Which stage of Fitts & Posner's improves rapidly
Cognitive Stage
The associative stage of Fitts & Posner is also known as
motor stage
Two ways the second Fitts & Posner stage helps movement
associate cues from environment and organize efficient movement patterns
which Fitts & Posner stage strengthens the motor program and develops anticpation
associative stage
Monitoring own feedback and gradually increasing consistency is found in which stage of Fitts & Posner
Associative stage
which Fitts and Posner stage lasts the longest
Associative
the performance of the skill becomes automatic during which Fitts and Posner stage
autonomous
the Autonomous Stage of Fitts and Posner allows
to perform cognitive activities during the performance of the skill
during the Autonomous stage of Fitts and Posner you can
program longer movement sequences & detect errors better
Gentile's 2 stages are for
instruction and rehabilitation environments
Gentiles's 2 stages consist of
1 Initial, 2 Later
During the Initial Stage the learner will be simply
getting the idea of the movement
what are the two goals the learner works to achieve during the initial stage
movement coordination pattern to enable some degree of success achieving action goal & learn to discriminate bewteen regulatory and non-regulatory conditions in environmental context
during the initial stage what is meant by learning discrimination
learner must identify and selectively attend to relevant conditions
during the Later Stage of Gentile, what does the learner work to do
to acquire three characterisitics
what are the 3 characterisitics the learner works to acquire during the Later Stage
1 Adapting movement pattern aquired in Initial Stage to demands of any performance situation, 2 Increase consistency of action goal achievement, 3 Perform with an economy of effort
The Later Stages of Gentile is also known as
Fixation and Diversification
during the Later stage the learner must match
the acquired movement pattern to the environment
if present in stable environment, how will Later Stage respond
Fixation Movement Pattern, consistently repeating optimal movement pattern to achieve action goal
if present in varied environment how will Later Stage respond
Diversification Movement Pattern, enabling adaptation to changing environmental conditions
the goal for CLOSED SKILLS during Later Stage is
Fixation
the goal for OPEN SKILLS during Later Stage is
Diversification
if your goal is fixation, you perform closed skills which means
focusing on increasing consistency of producing same movement pattern each time skill is performed
if your goal is Diversification, you perform open skills, which means
focusing on increasing capability to adapt to changing spatial and temporal regulatory conditions
focusing on producing same movement actually increases
capability to adapt to non-regulatory conditions (color, smell, noise)
how are Fitts and Posner & Gentile similar
use stages, First Stage deals with Cognitive/Idea, practical applications to help instructor
what are differences among Fitts and Posner & Gentile
2 vs 3 stages & Fitts-Posner uses cognitive vs Gentile using environment
what are benefits of considering characteristics
provides a closer look at the skill learning process & establish importance of developing different instruction strategies for different learning stages
Name a list of characteristics that change
rate of improvement, movement coordination, altering old condition patterns, muscles used to perform skill, energy cost, achieving kinematic goals of skill, visual selective attention, error detection, brain activity
achieving kinematic goals of the skill is a characterisitc that changes, what is the order of achievements of the action skill
1 Displacement, 2 Velocity, 3 Acceleration
demands of conscious attention decrease due to
chunking (example given: sequence form 2nd gear to 3rd gear; while maintaining control of car)
A characterisitic that would not change would be
Practice Specificity Hypothesis, visual feedback from novice to expert
the practice specificity hypothesis means
learning is specific to the sources of sensory information available during practice
what did Proteau hypothesize and provide
evidence that a dependency on the sensory feedback develops because it becomes a part of the memory representation of the skill
define expert
person who is located at extreme right end of the learning stages continuum
what do experts in all skill performance areas have in common
type of practice that resulted in expertise, amount of practice that resulted in expertise, knowledge structure, use of vision
