When did the field of learning disabilities become recognized?
1960's
What does the generic label represent?
Individuals heterogeneous group of conditions - ranging from mild to sever with a variety of needs.
How where children with learning disabilities previously labeled?
remedial readers/learners-emotionally disturbed-intellectual disabilities
What is the major element in all current definitions of learning disabilities?
Delayed academic performance is a major element in most current definitions of learning disabilities.
What is the IDEA definition of learning disabilities?
"A disorder of one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
"
List the basic psychological processes included in the IDEA definition?
-perceptual disabilities-brain injury-minimal brain dysfunction-dyslexia-developmental aphasia.
List the conditions that are excluded in the definition.
Children who have learning challenges which are primarily the result of: -visual, hearing -motor disabilities-intellectual disabilities -emotional disturbance-environmental -cultural -economic disadvantage.
Learning disability is also defined as a discrepancy between what two things?
intelligence and achievement
What are the two types of problems included under the umbrella term learning disability?
academic and behavioral problems
What is RTI?
A students response to instruction intervention that have been determined to be effective through scientifically based research.
What is Comorbidity
research investigates that degree of multiple disabilities or conditions.
What are the estimates of students with learning difficulties?
60-90%
Exclusion
learning disability cannot be due to selected other conditions
Cognition
the act of thinking, knowing, or processing information
Information processing
a model used to study the way people acquire, remember, and manipulate information.
short attention span
an inability to focus ones attention on a task for more than a few seconds or minutes.
Selective attention
attention that often does not focus on centrally important tasks or information.
Haptic
related to the sensation of touch and to information transmitted though body movement or position.
Figure ground discrimination
distinguishing object from the backround
Visual discrimination
unable to distinguish one visual stimulus from another ( SAT, SIT, b and d)
Auditory processing disorder
distinguish between sounds of a language
Kinesthetic
tough, body movement, and position sensation
What are some neurological causation factors of learning disabilities?
birth weight, anoxia, abnormal fetal positioning during birth
Norm- Referenced Assessment
compares skills to peers based on a national average
Criterion -Referenced Assessment
performance level or specific goal
Curriculum Based Assessment
assessment in which the objectives of a students curriculum are used as the criteria against which progress is evaluated.
Tier three intervention within RTI
most specialized, intense instruction, needed by about 5% of the students
Tier two intervention
More intensive and supplemental intervention enhancing progress from 10-15% of the students
Tier one intervention
Comprehensive well designed curriculum serving most students ( 80-85% who are making adequate academic progress
How do school completion rates compare to peers without learning disabilities (U.S. Department of Ed, 2011a)?
Lower school completion rates & higher unemployment.
What is the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities quote on page 173?
specific learning disabilities are frequently experienced across the life span with manifestations carrying as a function of developmental stage and environmental demands"
To be successful, inclusive education requires?
Requires commitment to collaboration among general and special educators and other team members.
It also requires much more than just placing students with LD in the same classroom with their peers without disabilities
What is executive function?
is a set of mental processes that helps connect past experience with present action
