AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Population

where is the world's population distributed

two-thirds of the world's inhabitants are clustered in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe

Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia, Russia, US

live near ocean or river (2/3 of world lives within 500 km of an ocean, 4/5 live within 800 km) occupy low-lying areas with fertile soil temperate climate Northern Hemisphere between 10 and 55 degrees latitude

one-fifth live here includes eastern China, islands of Japan, Korean peninsula, Taiwan 5/6 of people in this region live in People's republic of China in Japan and South Korea population is clustered around large metro areas china: 2/3 work as farmers japan and koreans: 3/4 industrial or service jobs

1/5 of world's population includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka India contains 3/4 of South Asia population most important concentration of people lives along a 1500 km corridor from Lahore, Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to Bay of Bengal concentrated along the plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers most people in south Asia are farmers

fourth largest series of islands that lie between Indian and Pacific oceans Java, Sumatra, Borneo, sulawesi, Philippines Indonesia is 4th most populated country with 13,677 islands clustered along river valleys most are farmers

3rd largest population western europe, eastern europe, european portion of Russia 1/9 of world's population less than 20% are farmers near coalfields rely on imported food

largest population in western hemisphere from boston to newport news, VI and westward along great lakes to chicago 2% of world's population lives here

portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

areas too dry for farming 20% of earth's surface two largest lie in Northern Hemisphere between 15 and 50 degrees north latitude and in the Southern Hemisphere between 20 and 50 south latitude largest desert region is known by several names: Sahara, Arabian, Thar, Takla Makan, and Gobi deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops possibilism: people construct irrigation contain world's oil reserves growth in settlements in deserts

receive very high precipitation near the equator between 20 degrees north and south latitude interiors of South America, Central Africa, and southeast Asia rainfall averages more than 1.25-2.25 meters per year depleats nutrients from soil, hinders agriculture precipitation may be concentrated into specific times of year

land near south and north poles perpetually covered with ice/ground is frozen not much life

very few people live at very high elevation 1/2 of Switzerland is more than 1,000 meters above sea level and 5% of its population lives there exceptions: areas in Latin America and Africa; Mexico City

total number of people divided by total land area

number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

where has the world's population increased?

total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

percentage by which a population grows in a year (subtract CDR from CBR after converting them to percentages) should have a percentage answer

about 1.2% lower today than the peak in 1963 of 2.2% about 80 million are being added annually virtually 100% of natural increase is clustered in LDCs

the number of years needed to double the population

the number of births in a society average number of births a woman will have throughout her life for the world the TFR is 2.7 varies between MDCs and LDCs

annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared total live births expressed as the number of deaths among infants per 1000 births highest rates are in poorer countries of sub-saharan africa lowest rates in western europe IMR reflects upon countries health care system

measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels late 70s in western europe forties in africa

why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?

changes in natural increase, fertility, mortality rates

most of human existence on Earth has been characterized by Stage 1 crude birth and death rates varied greatly from one year to another, but overall were very high NIR was essentially 0 people depended on hunting and gathering for food 8000 bc population began to grow by several thousand per year between 8000 bc-1750 ad population increased from 5 to 800 million (caused by agricultural revolution when people domesticated animals and food) no more countries are in stage 1

10,000 years after the agricultural revolution world population grew at a modest pace after 1750 ad population suddenly began to grow ten times faster than in the past average annual increase jumped from .05 to .5 percent grew by about 5 million in 1800 sudden burst of population growth occurred because several countries moved on to stage 2 CDR suddenly plummets and CBR remains roughly the same as stage 2 because difference in CDR and CBR is high, NIR is high two parts of stage 2: accelerating population growth, then growth rate begins to slow countries entered stage 2 after 1750 because of Industrial revolution (began in England and spread over Europe and to North America- conjunction of major industrial technological improvements like the steam engine and transformed the process of manufacturing goods and bringing them to market) communities become healthier places to live Industrial revolution improved sanitation and personal hygiene and fed the rapidly growing population Europe/North America transitioned to stage 2 in 1800 Latin America, Africa, and Asia did not until 1950 (were pushed by medical revolution that eliminated causes of death in LDCs like smallpox vaccine)

country moves from stage 2 to 3 when CBR begins to drop sharply and CDR continues to fall population continues to grow, but more modestly Europe/North America moved during 1st half of 20th century Asia and Latin america moved in recent years much of Africa in stage 2 still CBR drops because people choose to have fewer children because of declining mortality rate societies more likely to live in cities and work in offices, shops, or factories rather than on farms

CBR equals CDR and NIR approaches zero (zero population growth or ZPG) ZPG may occur when CBR is higher than CDR because number of females who can have babies varies TFR of 2.1 produces ZPG Europe and North America in stage 4 women in stage 4 enter workforce access to wider variety of birth control some eastern european countries have negative NIRs (legacy of communism) countries in stage 4 have completed a cycle

country's population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph shows percentage of population in 5 year age groups shape of a pyramid is determined by CBR

the number of people who are too young/old to work compared to the number of people in productive years 0-14 and 65+ are dependents

number of males per hundred females varies among countries world ratio is 102:100 europe/north america is 95:100

why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

thomas malthus was an english economist argued that world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies population growing more quickly than food supplies today: 1 person, 1 unit of food 25 years from now: 2 persons, 2 units of food 50: 4 persons, 3 units of food 75: 8 persons, 4 units of food 100: 16 persons, 5 units of food

argue that two characteristics make mathus's thesis more frightening than when first made in malthus's time only a few wealthy countries had entered stage 2 malthus failed to anticipate that poor countries would have the most rapid population growth because of transfer of medical technologies not wealth from MDCs world population is outgrowing resources other than food

mathus believes world's resources are fixed humans have ability to choose actions that increase food supply larger population could simulate economic growth and therefore more food marxists maintain that there is no relationship between population growth and food supply

economic development- women attending school distribution of contraceptives

causes of death in each demographic transition Stage 1: natural checks, pestilence and famine (black plague) Stage 2: pandemics (cholera) Stage 3: degenerative/human-created diseases (cardiovascular disease and cancer) Stage 4: delayed degenerative disease (improving with lifestyle changes)

consequence would be higher CDR evolution infectious diseases constantly evolve and get better poverty TB is still a major cause of death in LDCs improved travel easily transfer diseases AIDS is most lethal epidemic in recent history