ANTHRO101 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human.

Which type of anthropologist should he call? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist

April is excited to see a display of arrowheads and other stone tools in a local museum. She wants to learn more about some of the tools. Which type of anthropologist should she contact? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist

Anil is an anthropologist who studies how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. Anil would most likely classify himself as a(n): physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist

Which of the following do anthropologists believe to be true? Most human groups are only influenced by one or two other cultures.

There are no longer any undiscovered, isolated groups of humans. It's likely that several undiscovered human groups remain in the Amazon rainforest. Human groups tend to be divided into categories: tribal or modern.

Which of the following is most likely to be studied by an anthropologist? key factors that motivate voter turnout in the United States the evolution of the brontosaurus how minority residents of a small town react to discriminatory policies by working together African attitudes toward American popular music

When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline? the mid-1800s the late 1400s the late 1900s the early 1600s

Anthropology began with the study of largely isolated small-scale communities. How has globalization changed anthropology? Select all that apply. Anthropologists focus more on how cultures change over time. Anthropologists focus more on interactions between cultures. Concepts of geographic borders separating cultures are less important than they once were, resulting in multi-sited ethnographers.

Anthropologists spend a great deal of time searching for unspoiled and undiscovered cultures.

Which of the following are considered participant observation? Select all that apply living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty using a double-sided mirror to observe consumer reactions to a new snack product filming a fifth-grade classroom to learn why bullying takes place enrolling in college classes and living in the dorms to learn about challenges facing contemporary college students

Anthropology is described as a "holistic" field. This means that (check all that apply): anthropology attempts to fill in holes in understanding left by other disciplines.

anthropology studies the whole picture of human life. anthropology studies humans in all places. anthropology studies humans across all time periods.

Which of the following attributes makes anthropology unique among the sciences? Select all that apply. Anthropology is global in scope. Anthropologists study humans. Anthropologists study both people and the structures of power.

Anthropologists believe that all humans are connected.

Scientists predict what change in global temperatures by the year 2100? no change a decrease of 1.5 to 12 degrees Fahrenheit an increase of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit an increase of 13.5 to 23 degrees Fahrenheit

A hydroelectric dam is built in Haiti to provide electric power to those who can afford it. The Haitian citizens who had lived in the valley where the dam is built are relocated to a mountainous location that makes it very difficult for them to make a living sufficient to afford electricity.

Which key dynamic of globalization does this story best illustrate? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change

A hundred years ago in the United States, most college-age adults envisioned living and working near the town where they grew up. Today, many more college-age adults envision living and working in a location away from the town where they grew up. Which key dynamic of globalization best explains this phenomenon? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change

A company that used to be based solely in the United States now has factories in the United States plus Mexico, Guatemala, and Indonesia. Which key dynamic of globalization is at work in this example? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change

Which key dynamic of globalization is at work when Andre sends a text message and becomes concerned when he does not receive an immediate response? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change

Which of the following terms refers to "the worldwide intensification of interactions and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders"? (page 19) McDonaldization globalization migration colonialism

Ana has started a project comparing ethnographic data about educational techniques in Lesotho to data about educational techniques in New York City. This process is known as: ethnology. participant observation.

historical archaeology. globalization

A company is interested in building a new factory in Bolivia and wants to know how to ensure positive interactions between workers and management. Which type of anthropologist should the company contact? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist

studying the differences between words students use in the classroom and with friends

working to convert a spoken language into a written one for the sake of preservation

analyzing how acronyms used in text messaging have changed common patterns of speech in the United States.

comparing fossilized 200,000-year-old primate remains to modern human anatomy

cataloguing artifacts discovered in an 1800s shipwreck off the coast of Istanbul

describing the importance of objects found in ancient Native American burial mounds

observing chimpanzee tool use

Which of the following terms refers to the process of learning culture? enculturation cultural relativism ethnocentrism agency

Contemporary debates about privacy in American society post-9/11 are fundamentally debates about which of the following? cultural norms cultural values cultural symbols mental maps of reality

The handshake as a form of greeting in the United States is an example of a: cultural norm. cultural value.

cultural symbol. mental map of reality.

Advances in transportation technology via seafaring allowed Europeans to travel farther and faster, thus seeing more of the diversity of the world's people.

This resulted in the creation of the concept of different "races" of humans. This concept of race as signifying human difference is best described by which term? cultural norm cultural value cultural symbol mental map of reality

Bertram marries someone from outside his cultural group. Which anthropological term best applies to this situation? endogamy exogamy ethnocentrism enculturation

Bertha likes to eat dinner at 5 p.m.

She travels to Italy and decides she doesn't like the country because restaurants tend to open for dinner at 7 p.m. or later. Bertha is practicing: cultural relativism.

ethnocentrism. endogamy. enculturation

The suggestion that all cultures progress through a similar set of stages is no longer accepted in contemporary anthropology.

This theory was known as: unilineal cultural evolution. historical particularism. structural functionalism. the interpretivist approach.

Franz Boas believed that cultures develop in different ways because of the unique and complex sets of issues and situations that members of the cultural group face over time.

This way of understanding cultural differences came to be known as: unilineal cultural evolution. structural functionalism. the interpretivist approach. historical particularism

The belief that culture is held together by a series of important elements such as economy, education, religion, kinship, and politics that all serve to maintain societal equilibrium is known as: unilineal cultural evolution. historical particularism. structural functionalism.

the interpretivist approach

Which of the following theoretical perspectives sees culture as a symbolic system of deep meaning? unilineal cultural evolution historical particularism structural functionalism the interpretivist approach

"The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence" (page 50) is known as: power. stratification. hegemony. agency.

There is evidence that minority residents of Anytown have less access to resources such as strong schools, libraries, and recreational centers than their majority counterparts. This is an example of: power.

stratification. hegemony. agency.

While material power such as coercion and brute force were tools used by the Nazi regime, the creation of cultural agreement about the "dangers" of populations such as the Jews, Roma, and others was what ultimately allowed the horrors of the Holocaust to take place. This cultural agreement is known as: power.

stratification. hegemony. agency.

The ability of individuals and/or groups "to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power" (page 54) is known as: power.

stratification. agency. hegemony

The belief that cultural patterns are determined by our genetic makeup is best described using which term? nature nurture hegemony agency

Bernice spends time each day reading online news reports from several different news agencies around the world. As a result, she becomes aware of multiple ideas and perspectives, incorporating these into her own outlook and actions. This is an example of which of the following terms? ethnocentrism hegemony functionalism cosmopolitanism

Americans tend to drive on the right side of the road. This is an example of a: cultural value.

cultural symbol. cultural norm. mental map of reality

Which of the following can be considered a culture? Select all that apply. fans of a sports team students at a particular college or university a group of people trapped in an elevator citizens of a nation

Which of the following attributes are associated with culture? Select all that apply. Culture is constantly changing. Culture is the foundational portion of a society's makeup that is unchanging.

Core cultural beliefs are often challenged. The human capacity for sharing and learning culture is unique among animal species.

Which of the following are examples of cultural relativism? Select all that apply. attempts to explain the dangers of starvation rituals to an indigenous group attempts to understand native feasting behavior in its local context attempts to comprehend the motives behind the 9/11 attacks attempts to make sense of shared ritual behavior that is biologically harmful, such as scarification rituals or drug-induced trances

Which of the following are listed in your chapter as ways in which globalization is transforming culture? Select all that apply. homogenization two-way transference of culture through migration increased cosmopolitanism increased ethnocentrism

You arrive at a red, eight-sided sign when driving your car, and know that the sign is suggesting that you stop.

Some, but not all, cultures participate in daylight savings time.

There are rules governing when to kiss someone.

Freedom of religion is a cornerstone of American society.

Boas and his students rapidly gathered ethnographic material from Native American cultures so that we could learn as much as possible about them before they disappeared. This type of study is known as: armchair anthropology.

participant observation. a synchronic approach. salvage ethnography

Carlos is an anthropologist who wants to learn more about American college student culture. He decided to enroll in a college, take classes, live in a dorm, and interact with students.

This ethnographic technique is best known as: participant observation. social network analysis. reflexivity. salvage ethnography

Ethnographies about Puerto Rican culture written by Julian Steward and Sydney Mintz are important to the history of anthropological research because they: demonstrate the value of salvage ethnography.

study how modern societies integrate into the modern world system. employ gender-based reflexivity. engage in contemporary U.S. public policy debates

Anthropological descriptions of cultural groups often include discussions of the role of the anthropologist herself in conducting the research. This provides important context to the reader, and is a concept known as: ethnology. qualitative analysis. reflexivity.

anonymity

Claudia is frustrated because, having just arrived at her field site, she is having a hard time convincing people to sit down for an interview with her. What words of encouragement would be most appropriate to offer? "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish rapport." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish informed consent." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish ethnology." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish polyvocality."

You've just spent five hours engaged in participant observation of a ritual feast and dancing in your study community. How should you record your observations? Tweet about your experiences so that others have the data quickly. Conduct a kinship analysis so you know who was dancing with whom. Create a survey to measure which foods served at the feast were most popular. Write detailed field notes as soon as possible

Charles is interested in studying access to paved sidewalks, bike paths, and jogging trails as a means of encouraging fitness in his study community.

To aid his research, he creates a map of the study community's: constructed environment. built environment. natural habitat. key informants

During fieldwork, conversational pauses or things unsaid by respondents can convey important meaning to the anthropologist.

Which term is used in your chapter to describe these elements of a story that are not told or seen, or key details omitted from a conversation? lapses polyvocality zeros interpretivisms

The process of fieldwork alters the character of: the study community only. both the anthropologist and the study community. the anthropologist only. neither the anthropologist not the study community if the work is carefully done

Chan has started a project comparing ethnographic data about health care practices from a village in Mozambique to data about similar techniques in rural Kentucky. This process is known as: ethnology. participant observation. ethnography. polyvocality

Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement on ethics? Leave no trace.

Make no change. Do not judge. Do no harm

Anthropologists are ethically bound to let those we study know why we are studying them, and to obtain their permission to do so. Which term summarizes this obligation? informed consent anonymity polyvocality cultural relativism

Which of the following statements about fieldwork are correct? Select all that apply.

Fieldwork begins with people. Fieldwork shapes the anthropologist. Fieldwork can be considered both social science and art. Fieldwork should be done in a community other than your own.

Which of the following statements about early anthropological investigations are accurate? Select all that apply. Early anthropological fieldwork was limited to cultures local to the anthropologists. The first written record of anthropological fieldwork has been dated to 7,000 years ago. Much early anthropology did not involve fieldwork, relying instead on others' written accounts.

The roots of anthropological fieldwork lie in the globalization of the late 1800s.

Which of the following should you do prior to beginning anthropological fieldwork? Select all that apply. perform a literature review perform a kinship analysis learn the local language assemble the anthropologist's toolkit

used fieldwork to engage in public debates in the United States

synchronic approach sought to isolate variables

four-field approach, salvage ethnography

participant observation

can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly

focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need

a conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions

seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life

examines genealogies to identify power relationships

The anthropologist focuses the words she uses on a specific audience—whether other anthropologists or the people she studies.

People who hold opinions on multiple sides of a key cultural issue are quoted.

The anthropologist includes his own reflection on the process of completing the fieldwork.

Early in the ethnography, the anthropologist discusses the preparation and methods involved in his fieldwork.

How many languages are currently in use in the world? nearly 70 nearly 7,000 nearly 70,000 nearly 700

Dumbledore, a pet Doberman, barks three times every day when the mail carrier comes by the house. Which of the following terms is most applicable to the dog's communication? productivity language displacement call system

Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning"? (page 118) historical linguistics communicative linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics

Which of the following would be considered paralanguage? Select all that apply.

a newspaper article a guttural sound, such as a scream a scowl a wave hello or goodbye

Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? A certain set of morphemes is fundamental to all human languages. A certain set of phonemes is fundamental to all human languages. The structure of the human brain causes all humans to have a universal grammar. Different languages create different ways of thinking.

You've decided to create a list of all of the words for names, events, and ideas that exist in the Palauan language. Which of the following are you creating? focal vocabulary lexicon paralanguage syntax

Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the ways in which culture shapes language and language shapes culture"? (page 124) sociolinguistics communicative linguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics

Terms such as participant observation, ethnography, and cultural relativism are part of the anthropologist's: focal vocabulary. paralanguage. syntax. lexicon.

Which of the theories below sees power differentials between males and females in a society as a foundation for gender-based differences in language? dominance model difference model code switching Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone.

This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing with others at a party or via text message. What term best describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations? Sapir-Whorf hypothesis code switching polyvocality call system

Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations"? (page 136) historical linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics communicative linguistics

According to Palfrey and Gaffer, which of the following terms applies to "a generation of people—including many of you reading this book—born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age and have spent their entire lives thinking digitally"? (page 143) digital natives technocrats the Facebook generation polyvocalists

Which of the following are examples of dialects? Select all that apply. Pig Latin a Southern accent black English vernacular call systems

Which of the following might be considered elements of language? Select all that apply.

sounds gestures call systems words

Which of the following are associated with at least some nonhuman primates? Select all that apply. language call system displacement productivity

What types of evidence give us clues about the origins of human language? Select all that apply. tools made in a specific way, found over a wide range written records found in archaeological digs early art found on cave walls fossilized brain casts that reveal brain development

Which of the following would be studied via kinesics? Select all that apply. a wave hello or goodbye a newspaper article a scowl a guttural sound, such as a scream

Which of the following are examples of the effects of globalization on language? Select all that apply. Language loss is hastened. Endangered languages are being recorded and preserved.

Language diversity diminishes over time. Humans are using language less.

smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own

smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning

combined set of rules that govern use of a particular language

rules for forming speech sounds into phrases and sentences

When did life on Earth emerge? 3.5 million years ago 350,000 years ago 3.5 billion years ago 3,500 years ago

If we imagine that each second represents one year, how long would it take us to count 4.5 billion seconds, representing the origin of Earth? over 139 years over 139 hours over 139 days over 139 minutes

"The remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock" (page 158) is known as which of the following? artifact bone mutagen fossil

Ernie studies rates of DNA mutations in order to determine the evolutionary history of specific organisms.

Which of the following best describes his job title? primatologist paleogeneticist physical anthropologist creationist

Physical anthropologists adhere to which of the following theories of human origin? theory of evolution creationism intelligent design Sapir-Whorf

A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example? natural selection gene migration (flow) mutation genetic drift

Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds' habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds with dull gray head plumage emerge in subsequent generations.

Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation? mutation natural selection gene migration (flow) genetic drift

Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric's genes have on the existing gene pool in Kenya? mutation natural selection gene migration (flow) genetic drift

Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those inside the dome.

Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation as it applies to future generations of Anytowners? mutation natural selection gene migration (flow) genetic drift

Numerous fossil discoveries in the Awash River Valley have led the location to become known as the place "where it all began." In what country is this area located? Ethiopia China Mexico India

The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as: the "out of Africa" theory. the multiregional continuity thesis. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. the Neandertal model.

Choose the correct sequence of terms to fill in the blanks in the following sentence: __________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________. vitamin D, calcium, melanin vitamin D, melanin, calcium calcium, melanin, vitamin D melanin, vitamin D, calcium

Which of the following is the pigment that gives our skin color? melanin melatonin myosis myopia

Which of the following are most likely to be preserved in the fossil record? Select all that apply. teeth bones spleens clothing

Which of the following must be true in order for a group of organisms to be considered a distinct species? Select all that apply. The group must be found within the same geographic area. The group must be biologically related. The group must be able to interbreed.

The group must be able to product viable, fertile offspring.

Which of following are believed to be benefits of the adaptation of bipedalism? Select all that apply.

easier to gather and carry food improve weight distribution, therefore reducing injury can see greater distances over open spaces stay cooler with less body mass exposed to sunlight

earliest pre-human tool type

most specialized of the two types

associated with late Australopiths and Homo habilis

associated with Homo erectus

1.8 mya

1.0 mya

2.5 mya

350,000 yBP

A Neandertal uses a projectile point at the end of a spear to kill an animal that he/she could not reasonably catch and kill by hand.

A child's mother takes prenatal vitamins, ensuring that the child reaches its growth potential in utero.

Muscular structures have developed in the hip and back that support bipedalism.

A football player inhales more often and exhibits a higher heart rate when playing in a high-altitude stadium.