Coherence Principle
People learn better when extraneous words, pictures and sounds are excluded rather than included.
Signaling Principle
People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential material are added.
Redundancy Principle
People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and on-screen text.
Spatial Contiguity Principle
People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen.
Temporal Contiguity Principle
People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
Segmenting Principle
People learn better from a multimedia lesson when it is presented in user-paced segments rather than as a continuous unit.
Pre-Training Principle
People learn better from a multimedia lesson when they know the names and characteristics of the main concepts.
Modality Principle
People learner better from graphics and narrations than from animation and on-screen text.
Multimedia Principle
People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.
Personalization Principle
People learn better from multimedia lessons when words are in conversation style rather than formal style.
Voice Principle
People learn better when the narration in multimedia lessons is spoken in a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.
Image Principle
People do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the speaker's image is added to the screen.
