What are the commons themes in traditional gothic tales?
Unrequited love, fickleness of women, sin and retribution, satanic compacts/unholy unions, death, decay, and desiccation, clerical evil and perversion
Federigo and Giovanna summary
A tale from the Decameron by Boccaccio in 1350.

It is about a man losing his wealth by trying to win a woman's love. He grows poor and lives on a small farm with his only companion, a falcon. Giovanna, the woman he fell in love with, her husband dies and then her boy becomes very sick. He dying request is to have Federigo's falcon, he had admired it while visiting Federigo.

She went to Federigo's farm, which she moved near once her husband died, with a friend to ask him. Before she could ask he tried to make a fitting dinner for such a lovely lady. He realized the only way he could is if he cooked his falcon so he did, and she ate it. She then asked and was horrified when he told her. Her son later died and after the grieving period her brothers tried to get her to remarry. They heard about Federigo and Giovanna married him

Themes of Federigo and Giovanna
unrequited love, fickleness of women,
The Widow of Ephesus summary
a tale by Petronius in 66 AD.

There was a woman who lived in Ephesus whose husband died. She expressed her grief by following the corpse into the tomb to guard his body and cry. She wept there for five days and no one could persuade her to leave. In the meantimes the governor gave orders that some thieves should by crucified by the vault. The soldier assigned to watch the thieves noticed the sound of the lady. he went into the vault and stopped terrified at the sight of the lady thinking she was a ghost.

He realized it was a widow and fetched his supper to give to her. His consolation only upset her more, the soldier kept trying and eventually got through to her. She ate the food and consummated their love. Every night they kept doing this, and the watch of the thieves was badly kept. A parent of one of the thieves retrieved his body to bury it. Once the soldier realized this he was going to thrust a swore through him so he did not have to go through the punishment.

Instead the widow took her husbands body and replaced it with that of the thieves, and all was well.

Themes of The Widow of Ephesus
fickleness of women, death, decay
The Monk of Horror/Conclave of Corpses Summary
Written in 1750. A curious monk opened the crypt and saw a blinding light. When he descended he saw the bodies of monks that were biried erect with cold hollow eyes and still. Three monks sat at a table made of a coffin, the book of obedience was laid out in front of them.

He addressed them and said "peace be to ye" and they said "here there is no peace". He found out the monks have to eternally suffer for the people they made suffer and the abuse of their power. The monk learned to not seek knowledge that is not yours to know.

The Monk of Horror/Conclave of Corpses Themes
sin and retribution, death decay and desiccation, clerical evil and perversion
The elements of the Gothic novel
setting in a castle, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, an ancient prophecy, omens portents and visions, supernatural or inexplicable events, overwrought or high emotion, women in distress, and the metonym of gloom and horror
Horace Walpole
son of the famous English 18th century politician, Sir Robert Walpole. His father described it as the most influential novels in English literary history.

Walpole first brought it out as the supposed translation of an old italian manuscript by Onuphrio Muralto. He admitted authorship in the second addition. He set the novel in a fictional version of his own Strawberry hill which he had transformed into a little gothic castle.

Sir Bertrand Summary
A fragment written by John Aikin in 1773. Sir Bertrand follows some tracks and while doing so hears a bell in the distance and sees a twinkling light. These bring him to a moated ditch that surrounds a large old mansion.

He entered by the drawbridge and went to find the ounce of the light. It vanished when the moon did. Everything was still. He opened a creaky door and once inside the room it shut loudly behind him and he could not open it again. He then saw a pale bluish flame by a staircase, and then it went up the stairs.

he followed it and it lead to a large gallery. as he ascended another staircase a dead cold hand grasped his own he cut the hand since he could not otherwise free himself and he heard a scream. He followed the flame to another gallery where an armed figure appeared with the bloody stump of an arm. Sir Bertrand sprang at it and it vanished letting fall a massy iron key. He brought the key to a door where the flame was and opened it.

A coffin rested in it with two statues of black marble holding sabers. They raised an arm and advanced one leg forward as the coffin lid flew open and the bell rang. A lady in a shroud and a black veil rose up and stretched her arms out towards him. She kissed him and the building shook and crumbled. Sir Betrand was thrown into a trance.

He was in a beautiful room with a banquet. The lady thanked him as her delivery and nymphs placed a garland of laurel on his head.

The Recess Summary
Written in 1785 by Sophia Lee. Based on facts of Queen Elizabeths persecution of Mary Queen of Scots and the seclusion of her two daughters.

It was about the danger of catholicism. Two sisters lived in a place composed of various rooms. There was their mother, Mrs. Barlow (the nanny) and the priest. They would meet a priest every morning where they learned about a terrible place called the world and that God had rescued them from it. Later they were led through windings and running.

Mrs. Barlow was pale and lifeless and was not going to leave the recess alive.

The Castle of Otranto summary
Written in 1764 by Horace Walpole. Counted as the first gothic novel. The villainous Manfred arranges marriage between Isabella and Conrad. Manfred does this out of fear for the ancient prophecy: " Lordship of Otranto should pass from the present family whenever the real owner should be grown too large to inhabit it.

Conrad mysteriously dies by being crushed by a giant helmet before wedding. A peasant, theodore, points out its likeness to the helmet on the statue of Alfonso the Good. Mafred accuses him of being a magician and murdering Conrad. Manfred tells Isabella that he plans to divorce his wife and marry her, hearing this she runs away with help from Theodore (who escaped his imprisonment) who guides her to the underground tunnel. Manfred was busy investigating a claim of a giant sleeping in the hall. When Father Jerome arrives he tries to talk to Hippolita but Manfred takes him aside and asks him to help divorce his wife to marry Isabella, but Jerome believes Isabella may love Theodore.

Theodore i set to be executed and right before he is executed father Jerome notices a birthmark which shows that Theodore is his son. A man called the Knight of the Gigantic Sabre arrives claiming to be the rightful heir of Otranto. He demands Isabella to be released and the thrown to be given up.Theodore is locked in a tower by Manfred before he joins the race to find Isabella first. Theodore is saved by Matilda, Manfred's daughter. Theodore joins the race to find Isabella as well and manages to reach her first in a cave.

One of the knights shows up and Theodore wounds him and discovers he is Isabella's father, Frederic. Frederic opposes the marriage between Isabella and Manfred. However, Frederic falls for Matilda and a discussion is started between him and Manfred about marrying the other's daughter.Neither girl wishes for this to happen and Matilda and Theodore plan to meet in the chapel. Manfred assumes that there is a romance between Theodore and Isabella. Going to the chapel to expose them, he takes a dagger and in a jealous rage, he stabs Matilda, mistaking her for Isabella.

A ghost of the dead prince Alfonso revealed that Theodore is the true Prince of Otranto. While Manfred wallows in self-pity, shame, and despair and joins a convent next to Hippolita, Theodore marries Isabella because she understands the sadness he feels.

The background mystery of The Castle of Otranto
When Alfonso set sail for the holy land, he was driven by a storm onto the coast of Sicily. A second ship led by his chamberlain, Ricardo, the grandfather of Manfred, was separated from him. During his three months in Sicily, Alfonso fell in love and secretly married a girl named Vcitoria.

When he returned to the Crusades, he left her pregnant. Shortly thereafter, she heard the news of the death if Alfonso and the succession of Ricardo to his position and authority. She did not know that it was Ricardo who ha poisoned the Lord of Otranto and usurped his land. She then gave birth to a daughter. Theodore is the son of Father Jerome (the prince of Falconara) and Victoria.

Trademarks of German Expressionism
distorted perspectives, grotesque enlargement, skewed camera angles, and obliquely directed lighting.
The Radcliffe Formula
gothic of terror, no substantiated supernatural occurrences, mystery harkening back to the past, concerned with inheritance and legacy, main character is usually suffering the pain of separation from one or more family members, the main character is usually a plucky energetic and determined female, the main character is usually threatened by a tyrannical male, setting is usually very important.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Summary
released in 1920 by Robert Wiene. The deranged Dr.

Caligari and a sleepwalker named Cesare are connected to a series of murders in a German mountain village. The narrator, Francis, and his friend Alan visit a carnival in the village where they see Dr. Caligari and the sleepwalker Cesare, whom the doctor is displaying as an attraction. Caligari brags that Cesare can answer any question he is asked. When Alan asks Cesare how long he has to live, Cesare tells Alan that he will die before dawn tomorrow--a prophecy which is fulfilled.

Francis and his fiancé, Jane, Caligari order Cesare to kill Jane, but the hypnotized slave refuses after her beauty captivates him. He carries Jane out of her house, leading the townsfolk on a lengthy chase. Cesare falls to his death during the pursuit, and the townsfolk discover that Caligari had created a dummy of Cesare to distinct Francis. Francis discovers that "Caligari" is actually the director of the local insane asylum, and, with the help of his colleagues, discovered that he is obsessed with the story of a monl called Calirgari, who in 1093, visited towns in northern Italy and used a sleepwalker to murder people as a traveling act.

After being confronted with the dead Cesare, Caligari reveals his mania and is imprisoned in his asylum. The need reveals Franci's flashback is actually his fantasy. He, Jane, and Cesare are all inmates of the insane asylum, and he man he says is Caligari is his asylum doctor, who, after this revelation of the source of his patient's delusion, says that now he will be able to cure Francis. One of the most influential of German Expressionist films and is often considered one of the greatest horror movies of all times.

Der Golem Summary
1920, cinematography by Karl Freund. 2nd major expressionist film. In medieval prague, Rabbi Loew observes the stars and concludes that trouble is brewing for his people. when the emperor issues a decree threatening the expulsion of Jews from the city, the rabbi, a master of magic, activates the Golem, a monstrous clay figure