Combo with "Englsih- Renaissance Test" and 5 others

1495-1660

-renewed interest in classical learning -people began to read -people became more curious about themselves and their world in general

-the term means rebirth -called the renaissance b/c there was a renewed interest in classical learning

-a person who is energetic and productive and is interested in science, history, art, literature, and other subjects -multitude of talents -ex. Henry VIII

Italy

-during this time period almost everyone was Roman Catholic -the church was very wealthy -many popes were patrons of the arts, architects, and scholars

-humanisam was an intellecutal movement that occurred due to the revival of interest in classics -humanists wanted to harmonize the Bible and the classics, use the classics strengthen Christianity

-invented by Johannes Gutenberg at Mainz, Germany in 1455 -first book printed was the Bible b/c it was an extremely popular and important book

William Caxton set up a printing press in Westminster in 1476

-changed how information was exchanged -made books more available to people -spread new knowledge

-they rejected the authority of the pope and Italian churchmen

-strong feelings of patriotism and nationalism -new religious ideas -corruption in the church

they felt that it was too similar to the Catholic church

1) Henry VII (1457-1509) > beginning of the Tudor reign after the War of the Roses 2) Henry VIII (1509-1547) > England broke from the Catholic church 3)Edward VI (1547-1553) > he was a child when he ruled 4) Mary I (1553-1558) > restored Catholicism in England 5) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) > restored law and order, established the Anglican church, defeated the Spanish Armada

England defeated the Spanish Armada

more politcal and secular values began to take over

Shylock, in Shakespeare's the Merchant of Venice, he played a moneylender

one of the best known humanists; a Dutch monk who disliked that corrupt practices of the church

wrote Utopia; Lord Chancellor of England

a monk who founed a new type of Christianity, Lutheranism

Henry's first wife; mother of Mary Tudor; had lost 5 babies

Henry's mistress; mother of Elizabeth I

his armada attacked England; married Mary I

successor to Elizabeth I; son of Mary Queen of Scots

military dictator of England from 1449-1660

returned from exile in France in 1660 and became king of England

the last great writer of the English renaissance; wrote Paradise Lost

Her mother was beheaded and she was declared an illegtimate child.

She said she had the heart of a man.

Her interest in music and literature.

Mary Wives of Windsor

They threatened her status as queen and plotted against her to kill her.

She did not want to share her power

-a 14 line lyric poem focused on one theme -arranged in a specific pattern -uses a rhyme scheme -usually written in iambic pentimeter -one of the oldest and most enduring poetic forms in the world

-rhyme scheme: abba abba -structure: octave (first 8 lines), states a problem, raises a question, or presenst a brief narrative; sestet (last 6 lines), resolves the problem, answers the question, or comments on the narrative

-rhyme scheme: abab cdcd -structure: 3 quatrains (4 line group), express related ideas of examples, ends with a couplet (two rhyming lines) that sum up the poets conclusion or message

-rhyme scheme: abab bcbc cdcd -same structure as Shakesperian sonnet

a shift in focus and thought in a sonnet

a group of poems on a related theme; series or groups of sonnets to one person or to one theme

regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

meters basic unit; consists of one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables

iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactyllic

-an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, ex. relief

-a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable; ex. apple

-two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable

-a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables; ex. brocolli

-indicated by two accented syllabes; ex. seaweed

-a pause

2 feet per line

3 feet per line

4 feet per line

5 feet per line

6 feet per line

analysis of a poem's meter; identify type of foot and count number in each line; a complete description indicates both

-overconfidence, complacence -"The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy"

-"But the clouds of joy untried do cloak aspiring minds,/ Whuch turn to rain of late repent by changed course of winds." -The clouds represent her mind being clouded and the rain represents her changing her mind

They plot against her, try to kill her, and try to take her power and the throne

She vows to behead them

Maybe she doesn't use the sword very often, or maybe it is an old sword

The title suggests that anyone, even the people who you are close to and trust, can become foes

-a woman is ruling, Queen Elizabeth -the highly educated enjoy literature while many people cannot read -the government spends huge amounts of money on exploration and wars while science and medicine remain in a primitive state -rich young men wander around Europe having fun while thousands of poor people go from parish to parish begging for food -wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a few, and many people cannot even find a job

-you don't have a lot of land -you don't make enough money to support your family -disease, malnutrition, and natural disasters are part of every day life

-population growth is causing inflated prices, too many people are chasing after scarce resources and wages stay low

-you don't make enough food to buy money -shortage of grain

-hair falling out -skin turnign gray -watching the people around you die

-to all of Europe

-most people travel on foot but the people who are more wealthy have horses and carriages

-people are going to London for work

-noisy and bustling -center of trade and social life

a. Migrants life in London -you live in a cold attic and sleep on the floor b. Food -when you lived at home: brown bread, eggs and cheese, occasional chicken or bacon -w/ food shortages: bread, peas and beans, whatever you could hunt around the village c. Consumption of alcohol (type, amount, reason) -beer -alehouses on every corner -drink a lot to forget your troubles and eases the hardships of every day life d. Major diseases -plague, small pox, and tuberculosis e. Personal and public hygiene -bad; the rich and poor do not bathe regularly -adds to disease -bad breath, rotting teeth, skin sores f. Medical knowledge -leeches -not even trained doctors have made the connection between bad hygiene and disease -not very advanced -theory of illness: you get sick if four major fluids (bile, phlegm, choler, and blood) are imbalanced g. Education -expensive -6 am to 11 am and 1 pm to 6 pm; 6 days a week -learn basic reading skills at village school, could not afford grammer school -most girls do not go to school, only girls from very wealthy families h. Communication -the printing press has made communication easier i. Travel -almost exclusively for the rich, the poor have to walk -need official papers to travel inyour own country -roads are in bad condition and are dirt roads

-not paid well -conditions are bad, a lot of the food ends up rotten

-bearbaiting -cockfighting -public executions

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth

Lacking in frankness, candor, or sincerity; insincere; calculating

Not wise or expedient; not judicious

Bitterly severe; harmful, injurious, or searing

Pretending or feigning; make believe; a false show of something

Lacking discretion; incautious; rash

A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined

Using, containing, or marked by harshly abusive censure

Unreasonable, irritable, or ill-tempered; peevish

Denunciatory or abusive language; vituperation; an insulting or abusive word or expression

Characterized by offensive boldness; insolent or impertinent

Anxious or concerned; extremely careful; meticulous

arrogant; audaciously rude or disrespectful; impertinent

Arrogantly domineering or overbearing

Loud, harsh, grating, or shrill; discordant

To annoy; vex; to plead or urge irksomely, often persistently

A reversal in the order of two otherwise parallel phrases

Unwilling to admit or accept what is offerred as true; disclined or indisposed to believe; skeptical; indication or showing unbelief

To irritate; annoy; to torment; trouble; distress; plague; worry

Having knowledge of events or things before they exist or happen; having foresight

To behave as if one is superior in rank, position, or dignity; to regard another as an inferior

Submissive or aquiescent

given to, characterized by, intended for, or suited to joking or jesting; waggish; facetious

Sharply caustic or sarcastic, as wit or a speaker

The state of being happy, especially in a high degree; bliss

Without distinctive, interesting, or stipulating qualities; vapid

To humiliate or shame, as by injury to one's pride or self-respect

Earnest request or petition; supplication

Of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size

Of, pertaining to, or befitting a son or daughter; noting or having the relation of a child to a parent

Mental or emotional stability or composure, especially under tension or strain; calmness

Deserving to be despised; contemptible

Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a family

Verbal abuse or castigation; violent deninciation or condemnation

Generouse in forgiving an insult or injury; free from petty resentfullness or vindictiveness; high-minded; noble

scornful and contemptuous

to treat in a condescending manner

-containes elements of fantasy and mystery -suspenseful -contains humor -highly visual -strongly moral

-an imaginative story handed down for generations and believed to have some historical basis -w/ retelling variations occur -gives information about values and lifestyles of the culture that originated the legend

-a medieval verse narative chronicling the adventures od a brave knight or other hero who must undertake a quest and overcome great danger for love of a noble lady or high ideals

-a near perfect hero -an evil enemy -a quest (3 stages) -a test of the hero -supernatural elements -good vs evil -female figures who are usually maidens (in need of rescue), mothers, crones (a withered witch-like old woman), or temptresses -usually written in verse narrative -usually set in the past

-a faithful follower -a wise old man -dreams that may predict the future -the use of the number 3 -betrayal

-a story in which the characters, settings, and events stand for abstract or moral concepts -has two meanings: literal and symbolic -popular in the Middle Ages

Dream 1: King Arthur is sitting in a chair made of expensive gold cloth. Below him there is a depp black water that is full of serpents. He falls into the water and the serpents attack him. He wakes up screaming. Dream 2: In the second dream Sir Gawain comes to King Arthur. Sir Gawain says that if King Arthur battles Mordred, as is planned, then he will die and so will most of their men. Sir Gawain urges Arthur to sign a treaty with Mordred and put off the fight for a month and a day, because in a month Lancelot will be there and he will be able to slay Mordred for King Arthur.

-King Arthur send Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere and two bishops to make a treaty with Mordred for a month. King Arthur tells them to give Mordred whatever he wants as long as they think it is reasonable. -Mordred is given Cornwall and Kent and after King Arthur dies he will be given all of England

King Arthur goes to the field to meet with Mordred about the treaty. They both bring 14 men with them.

Arthur tells his men that if they see any sword drawn kill Mordred becuase he does not trust him. Mordred tells his men the same thing about King Arthur.

A snake (adder) comes out of a bush and bites one of the Knights on the foot. He raises his sword to kill the snake, but King Arthur told his men if a sword was raised by any of Mordred's men then they would fight.

Arthur says "alas this unhappy day"

The battle was all day long. 100,000 men died in the battle

He is mad with rage

Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere are still living but they are badly injured

-Sir Lucan says "Sir let him be, for he is unlucky for you" -He reminds King Arthur of his dream and says that he will die if he fights Mordred, he says that King Arthur is lucky he is still alive

Arthur stabs Mordred under his shield. Mordred hits King Arthur on the head and it goes through his helmet and his brain is oozing of of his head. Mordred "dashed down stark dead to the earth"

He hears robbers looting the dead bodies, and the Knights that were not all dead the robbers killed them and then took their things.

The King had fainted so Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere picked him up to move him. When Sir Lucan lifts him up he himself faints and his guts fall out of him and his heart bursts and he dies. When Arthur awakes, Sir Lucan is foaming at the mouth.

Arthur tells Sir Bedivere to throw his sword in the lake. King Arthur knows that he needs to give the sword back to the Lady of the Lake before he dies.

Sir Bedivere does not follow Arthur's instructions because he thinks it is a waste to get rid of something so beautiful. He wants to keep it in remembrance of King Arthur.

An arm and hand comes out of the water and grabs the sword and brandishes it three times before going back into the water.

The Queen and some fair ladies (3) take Arthur away on a barge.

Arthur tells him to pray for his soul.

The Hermit tells Sir Bedivere that last night the Queen and 3 ladies brought him a dead body and begged him to bury it.

The hermit is the old Archbishop of Canterbury.

Bedivere asks the hermit to let him live there so that he can spend his life in prayer for Arthur.

The Hermit

"Here lies Arthur, the once and future king"

-She becomes a nun and never does another sinful thing again. -She was virtuously changed.

1. a dangerous journey 2. a central test or ordeal to determine if the hero has the qualities of a hero 3. return to the point from which the journey began

-began in the medeival church (Catholic Church) -the clergy began inserting dialougue into the mass to make religious services more meaningful and impressive -these miniature dramas, much expanded, became miracle/mystery plays

-Bible verses acted out -dramtized incidents from the Bible

-they grew out of miracle plays -when the plays moved outdoors they lost their connection with the church -became popular forms of entertainment -performed on wagons so they could be moved from place to place -there is a struggle between good and evil -they are allegorical (characters appear as absract virtues and vices) -characters are one dimensional -didatic (intended to teach) -the audience was usually a middle class town, many were illiterate -author is anonymous

-short play > 900 lines -deals with salvation of the soul as death approaches -4 differents copies of Everyman survived (2 whole, one damaged, one fragmentery) -Britwell copy is the text most used now -written in the Middle Ages

-an interpretation of this story is an allegory of christian redemption -the Catholic church had a lot of power/ influence up until Henry VIII

-introducing the what the play is about -title of play -type of play (it is a morality play)

existing breifly

-"I could do no more" -he is frustrated, weary, not please with the state of creation -all people care about is money -he alluds to crucifiaxtion

-greed, wrath, pride, guttony, coveting, sloth, and envy -He mentions wrath, pride, gluttony, and coveting

-we have made them commendable -he sees us getting worse -b/c of mankinds behavior he is going to have a reckoning (he will show everyman a pilgirmage he must take {life to death})

-he wants to put it off (give me 12 more years, give me another day, wait unitl tomorrow)

-line 220 -"Into thy hands, O greatest of powers, I commend my spirit forever." -Everyman is speaking

-there is an allusion made to Adam -"For Adam's sin must die of nature"

-he goes to Heaven -his good deeds go with him

-He sums it all up -He tells the audience: to listen to what is being said, goods deeds stay with you, be careful becuase after you die you cannot change the past, there are only two places to go after death (heaven or hell), we never know when death will come, we need to be accountable for what we do on Earth

-go over chart - go over Study Guide for Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

-1343-1400 -Westminster Abbey

-The Father of English Poetry b/c he amde the english language respectable (up until then the respesctable language was latin)

-he was born into a middle class family in the early 1340s -his father was a wine merchant -Chaucer read a lot and had some legal training -married Phillipa and had two children -served as a soldier in the 100 Years War and was captured in France -was important enough to have the King contribute to his ransom

-he was a well known gov't official who worked under three kings (Edward III, Richard III, Henry IV) -was given many awards for his service to the crown -he was appointed Justice of the Peace in the county of Kent and he served in Parliament -his work took precedence over writing

-Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio

-1387-1400 -it is thought to be one of the greatest works in the English language -wrote 22 tales in 5 years

iambic pentimeter

-a religious journey made to a shrine or holy place -it is an expression of devotion and faith -in one year more than 100,000 persons went on a pilgrimage -often traveled in groups for companionship and protection

-start at the Tabard Inn outside of London and they are going to the Shrine of Martyr Saint Thomas A. Becket at Canterbury Cathedral -55 miles to the SE -takes place in the spring

a poet-pilgrim narrator whom many consider to be Chaucer himself

-the prologue establishes the setting and describes "archetypal time of new life and awakening" -introduces all of the pilgrims, where they are going and why

they represent "everyman" because they come from all walks of life ans social classes

-the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character How it is done: -by telling us exactly what a character is like -by describing how the character looks and dresses -by presenting the character's words and actions -by revealing the character's private thoughts and feelings -by showing how other people respond to the character

a story that includes any number of different narratives

-defends ones virtue and charity -attacks ferouciously, again and again, self-righteousness -theme never changes: God is love and so is man at his best and evil is not love

1. use of the vernacular -everyday language in London and the East Midlands -gave repsectability in English 2.Use of iambic pentimeter -10 syllables/ line (stressed and unstressed) -many of his lines actually have 11 syllables, in these cases the unstressed syllable appears at the end of the line creating a weak/ soft ending -rythym that most closely matched how people spoke -became most popular metrical pattern in English 3. use of couplets -couplets: two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme -used open and closed couplets

-Pilgrimage from Tabard Inn in Southwark to Canterbury -each Pilgrim would tell two stories in the way there and two on the way back -120 stories total However... -Chaucer died and only left 22 tales, 1 unfinished and one barley started -since nobody knows what order he intended them to be in 19th century scholars placed the stories into groups in an order that created a consistent and continuous narrative

the author tells the reader about the character's personality; to describe the person's traits or qualities

author allows the reader to discover what a charcater is like by appearance, actions, speech, private thoughts, and responses of other characters

writing that ridicules human weakness, vice or folly in order to bring about social reform; close relative of irony; uses irony to accomplish its purpose

-improve chances of salvation -gain healing touch supposedly found in the relics of saints -to atone for their sins -to avoid the shame of publicly confessing thier sins at home -most historians also agree that people went on pilgrimages just b/c they wanted to travel, meet new people, and perhaps escape the drugdery of their daily lives

-a Roman road -you can still travel on this road today but it bears little resemblance to the rural road w/ hay fields on either side -the pilgrims called the road "slough" because it was very muddy

the art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face

strength

dirtiness

slyness

lechery

bed temper, irritability

passion

lechery and drunkenness

intelligence, breeding

looseness, immortality

travel far, bold, especially suited for love

contrast or discrepancy between expectation and reality

anecdote or example inserted into a sermon or to teach a moral lesson

gives human qualities to something non-human

-corruption in the church -corrupt people -greedy people -fat people

-the narrator admires him -he follows chivalry -he has won all 15 battles he has been in -he is wearing a dark fustian tunic that is stained -he is modest -he has fine horses -he is anachronisitic b/c Knights no longer existed during Chaucer's time

-he is 20 years old -he is a lover and a fighter -he sings and plays the flute all day and chases after girls at night -he spends all of his money on girls and clothes -his gown was short and had long, wide sleeves -he is the Knight's son and attendant -he is in the second stage of Knighthood

-he wore a coat with a hood of green -his face was brown -he knew a lot about woodcraft and was a proper forester -he wore a medal of St. Christopher (the patron saint of travelers) -he was a Knight's servant -later Yeoman became landowners and occupied the class just below the gentry

-prioress (mother superior), she was in charge of convent and other nuns and was under oath not to leave her charges -tool vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience -obese (shows wealth) -she had good manners -she was fake -he weakness was her dogs, she fed them well and got emotional if something bad happened to them -she wore a coral bracelet/ trinket, coral means defense against worldy temptations as well as a love charm -represents corruption within the church

-his sleeves were garnished at the hand with fine grey fur, the finest of the land -he liked to go hunting -he was a member of a religious order, took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience -he lived in a monastery -he liked to eat, he was obese (sign of wealth and affluence) -he represents corruption within the church

-obese (sign of wealth and affluence) -wanton > means jolly but also lustfullness -he represents corruption for a couple of reasons: he scammed people, he had loose morals, he gave easy penances if you paid him off -took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience -his job was to go into the world as a beggar for the church, preach, help the poor and cure the sick

-he gave financial advice to others even though he was in debt

-he was religious, poor (he spent all of his money on school) and his only care was to study -his horse was rake thin -in order to enter a medeival university students had to join a minor religious order of the church and after they were expected to seek secular employment outside of the church -books cost a fortune during this time period because the printing press had not yet been invented

-he seemed busier than he actually was -like an attorney general -he wore a homely particolored coat (colorful clothing is a sign of wealth) with a silken belt -one of the select group of lawyers who served as one of the king's advisors

-a well-to-do landowner but not of the nobility -lived for pleasure (the narrator didn't like him because he was a pleasure seeker) -he liked food and changed his dish according to the time of year -medeival britons usually only ate two meals a day > a mid-morning dinner and an early evening supper, the Franklin also ate sop (a mixture of wine, almond, milk, ginger, sugar, cinnamon, cloves and the spiced mace poured over bread) for breakfast -he was the sheriff

-a haberdasher is the seller of men's clothing and accessories -they were a guild fraternity -guilds: organizations of trades people who taught there trade to apprentices -they were a powerful economic force, they controlled the quality and price of the goods they sold) -they were supported by their wives because their wives liked it when their husbands made a lot of money becuase they liked being of the upper elite

-he made really good food but he had an ulcer on his knee

-he was from Darthmouth, a coastal shipping town on the English Channel -it was known for its piracy and for the brutality of its sailors -he made his prisoners walk the plank

-he knew a lot about medicine and surgery and he liked astronomy -he was the perfect praticing physician -doctors of the middle ages beleived the twelve signs of zodiac affected the different parts of the body and that the body contained four kinds of fluids also influenced by the starts that dictated treatment and physical appearance (this might explain Chaucer's attention to appearance)

-she is a seamstress -she had five husbands -she had been to Jerusalem, Rome, Boulogne, Compostella, and Cologne -she had gap teeth (considered attractive) -she was slightly deaf (could be an actual physical ailment or it could be becuase she is ignorant and puts herself up on a pedastool) -some critics think that the Wife of Bathe is based on Chaucer's paternal grandmother who had three husbands

-there was never a better Priest (the narrator likes him) -"He hated cursing to extort a fee" the Parson would not tell his parishoners they were going to hell just to get them to buy an indulgence, this also refers to the corrupt practice of threatening people with ex-communitcation and damnation unless they paid a fee -"Then if gold rusts, what will iron do?" Priests are supossed to be better than laymen, if Priests are corrupt how can regular people be good? -he set an example for his parishoners -he did his job, he didn't pay someone else to and he kept his vows (he lived in poverty)

-also a good guy -he was smelly -he worked hard -he was trustworthy, honest, and charitable -he followed the Bible -he paid his "tithes" in full when they were due (he paid taxes on 10% of his earnings and on what he owned) (I think it is like taxes) -Chaucer's portrait may refer to the poem "Piers the Plowman" written in the 1300s by William Langland, in the poem the plowman is an instrument of salvation is his community -Chaucer's description is remarkable since the wrtitings of his contemporaries ridiculed peasants

-strong and big (224 lbs) -his nostrils were always flared b/c he is often angry -his mighty mouth was like a furnace door (he had a big mouth and bad breath) -Chaucer plays on the medeival saying "an honest miller has a golden thumb", this expression implies that most Millers overcharge their customers by putting their thumbs on the scale

-minor employee whose principal duty was to purchase provisions for a college or law firm -he could "wipe their eye" meaning he could make fools of his bosses -even though he was illiterate he was smarter than a lot of the people there

-serf who was the steward of a manor, he sat that the estate's work was done and that everything was accounted for, he imposed fines on the workers if he found anything wrong -he was old and choleric (meaning he had too much yellow bile which was thought to give you a bad temper) -he came from Norfolk

-he was a low ranking officer who summoned people to appear in court -in this time period it was illegal to have intercourse outside of marriage so the Summoner had to find offenders and deliver them to the Archdeacon for punishment -he had carbuncles on his face (pus-filled skin inflammations) that made children afraid of him -his eyes were narrow and he had black scabby eyebrows and a thin beard -he was a drunk -he liked onions, garlic, and leeks -he used the phrase "Questio quid juris"

-excels in fraud -he rode with the Summoner -he had waxy yellow hair and dreadlocks -he had the same voice a goat has got -he had a hat on his head that had a holy relic on it -he had a bunch of fake holy relics -he was a gelding mare > he had either been castrated or he was actually a woman -he is described "gentle" > gentle means upper class not kind -long hair was a violation of the rule that men who worked for the church should wear their hair tonsured (short with a shaved spot on the top as a symbol of humility) -he brought pardons (indulgences) from Rome and tries to sell them through out the journey -he was a good singer

1. weight 2. interest in worldly possessions 3. not adhering to vows

disgusted by corruption within the church

-comes up with the idea that everyone will tell one story on the way to Canterbury and one on the way back -they will choose who tells the first story by picking straws -whoever wins will get a mealat the Tavern paid for by everyone else -anyone who does not go by the rules has to pay for the money they spend on the way

-corruption in the Church -God is love and so is man at his best and evil is non-love

a song or songlike poem that tells a story; came from old french meaning "dancing song"; passed down orally, poetry of the people

1. Sensational, sordid, or tragic subject matter (domestic tragedy, false love, true love, the absurdity of husband-wife relationships, the supernatural, adventure, jealousy) 2. Have a strong, simple beat (a regular pattern of rythym and rhyme) 3. Incremental repitition (repitition of lines with a new element introduced each time to advance the story until a climax is reached, used to build suspense) 4. Refrain (a repeated word, phrase, line or group of lines) 5. Use of conventional phrases (understood by listeners to have meaning beyond their literal ones) 6. Omission of details 7. Supernatural events 8. Format (chronological or question and answer)

-composed by anonymous singers and are passed down orally from generation to generation before they are written down (often several versions)

-are composed and written down by known poets -usually in the style of folk ballads

-became standard with literary ballads -a four line stanza (quatrain) -four stressed syllables (1st and 3rd lines) -three stressed syllables (2nd and 4th lines) -rhyme scheme is usually abcb

Randall comes home after eating dinner with his true love. He is really tired and his mom thinks he was poisoned.

A son is talking to his mother and he killed his father. As his penance he is going to leave and sail somewhere far away. He is going to leave all of his land and belongings to rot. He says he is going to leave his wife and children to beg for life and he blames his mother for what happened (his mother told him/ made him kill his father).

Husband and wife are going to play the quiet game, whoever loses has to get up and close the door. In the middle of the night two men come in and eat all of their food. One of the men says he is going to kiss the wife and the other says he is going to shave the husband's beard. The husband talks first and loses the bet, the wife does a little victory dance and the husband closes the door.

armored knights were as isolated as cocooned worms

when a knight would lean down to get a drink from say a lake the ground could crumble a little and he could drown b/c his armor was so heavy

a simile

provides entertainment

weapons

120 lbs

sword, mace, lance, dagger, battle ax

knight's code of ethics

a famous knight

around the 1400s

most important part of training to be a knight

worn by a knight

medeival singers

final step necessary to become a knight

a young boy in the second stage of becoming a knight

age when a young boy began training

longbos and guns

falconry, chess, reading

-Both are pyramids -Feudalism (king, nobles, clergy, vassels, serfs, slaves, women) -System of Knighthood (knight, squire, pages)

ex. King Arthur, Game of Thrones, Star Wars, Mighty Python, Spamelot (broadway musical), some TV shows and movies Why? -people like action and adventure -idealistic

1066-1485

an orgainizer, a codifier (one who arranges laws or rules into a systematic code), a builder of systems

a daylong battle that changed history occurred (Battle of Hastings)

Edward the Confessor promised him the throne

William was duke, brought England into mainstream European civilization in a new way

The Domesday Book is one of Medieval England's greatest treasures. The Domesday Book is closely linked with William the Conqueror's attempt to dominate Medieval England. Along with a string of castles throughout England, the Domesday Book was to give William huge authority in England.

population and rank made a pyramid shape

-no political rights, job was to care for home and children -Anglo-Saoxn women had rights and could own/inherit property

acting in the name of a lady made a knight braver

an idealized idea towards women

art and

-1095-1270 -Christians vs Muslims fighting for Holy Land and Jerusalem

mathematics, astronomy, architecture, crafts

-he was a chancellor under Henry III -he sided with the Pope a lot so he was killed -weakend the King

system of belief and symbol, center of learning, latin was the national language, pope was powerful

-Emergence of Yeoman class -modern, democratic England was born

lived only in stories

reduced population by 1/3

caused a labor shortage > serf's to freedom, end of feudalism

Harold III

Edward

Denmark and Germany

Roman Empire

Great Hall

poets

great deeds

refined and sophisticated

ship

Eygpt and Greece

449-1066

government, literature, language, and law

Iberians, Celts, Romans, Angles and Saxons, Vikings, and Normans

the people become adaptable and tolerant of different religions and languages

-animism (the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe) -the celts saw spirits everywhere -spirits controlled all aspects of life and had to be constantly pleased -sometimes ritual dances and human sacrifices were called for the spirits -druids were the "go between"

-a lot of myths about heroes or values -different from Anglo-Saxon myths > there were a lot of strong women instead of strong men -full of fantastic animals, passionate love affairs, and fabulous adventures -fairytales, imaginative, "leap into the sunlight" -influenced for many generations later (Mallory and Yates were influenced by Celtic literature)

-55 B.C.- A.D. 409 -the Celtic religion vanished, Christianity took its place -when the Romans left England it became very susceptible to attack -the Romans built a network of roads and a 73 mile long wall

-the Anglo-Saxons came from Germany in the middle of the 5th century -the Anglo-Saxon language began to dominate -Celts retreated into Wales -traces of Celtic religion and literature still exist (the Legend of Arthur)

-he united the country -he led the Anglo-Saxons against the Danes -the treay of Wedmore in 878 ended Danish raids and brought peace -King Alfred the Great (only English ruler to be honored with that epithet) -he was a patron of learning -he encouraged rebirth of learning and education -brought learned men and teachers to Wessex -promoted the use of the English language -translates Latin works into Anglo-Saxon englsih

-helped unify the Anglo-Saxons > provided a common faith and system of morality -linked England to Europe

-women had rights! -women were able to inherit land and retained control over their property even if they were married -a prospective husband had to give a woman a morgengifu (morning-gift) of money and land and she was allowed to do whatever she wanted with it -Christianity offerred women oppurtunities > they could join religious communities and become powerful abbessess (like a nun)

-Sutton-Hoo was a ship grave that showed that the Anglo-Saxons were not barbaric -gold, silver, bronze -a warrior's sword, purse coins, helmet, buckle, serving vessels, and herp were found

-loyal dependency -the culture was built around this code -a warrior pledged himself to a leader, he was to remain loyal to the leader until death, leader would reward his followers with riches -warriors were expected to avenge their leaders death or die beside him and it was shameful not to

-they were more concerned with ethics than mysticism -emphasized virtues like bravery, courage, generosity, loyalty, and friendship -believed in fate (wyrd)

-they sang of gods and heroes -sang to the strumming of harp -perserved fame in the collective memory -scops > professional minstrels -gleemen > the assitants -literature was an oral tradition -a performance could be hours or days long -only 30,000 lines of Anglo-Saxon poetry exist

-not overrun by Germanic invaders -in 432 all of Celtic Ireland was converted to Christianity by Patricius -Ireland experience a Golden Age

-served as centers of learning -preserved Latin and Greek classics along with popular works of literature

-King (chieftan) or a council of elders -Earls > hereditary class of ruling warlords who owed their position to the king -Freeman > allowed to own land and engage in commerce -Thanes (early barons) > granted status for military service -Churls (serfs) > bonded servants who worked the land in return for protection -Thralls (slaves) > military prisoners or peopl being punished

recounts the achievements of warriors involved in great battles

sorrowful laments that lourn the death of loved ones and/or the loss of the past (a type of lyric poetry)

-673-735 -father of english history -english cleric -Bede's Ecclesiastial History of the English People > best account we have of early Anglo-Saxon times

-begun in 891 -from the beginning of Christian era until 1154 -first important prose (anything not poetry) in English

-first great work of English national literature -England's national epic -come out of oral tradition -relatively short 3200 lines -composed in 700-750 but depicts early 6th century -written down in 1000 (the version that has come down to us) -Beowulf is the only character who does not appear anywhere but this epic

a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society

-setting is vast -formal tone and diction -plot involves supernatural beings and a dangerous journey or quest -story reflects timless values -deals with universal themes -has a MALE hero who reflects the ideal characteristics of his society

central figure who has superior qualitites and risks personal danger to pursue a grand quest

-male, of noble birth or legendary importance -character traits reflect values of society -actions determine fate for all -delivers long, formal speeches -on a quest -ethical -risks death for glory and greater good of all -strong, responsible leader -superhuman qualities

literally means bear or bare shirt

-"God deliver us from the fury of the northmen" -people feared Viking attacks

Viking warriors probably fought without armor

They may have eaten hallucinogenic plants

startle and overpower

they used sophisticated weapons (not true, they often fought with their hands)

-unfamiliar -they experienced overcrowding in their homeland so many people left

nomadic

maritime... remote

malnourished and impoverished

their world was already so miserable that the future did not worry them

inhospitable

drugery... respite

consigned

1. exiled, banished, monster, murderer 2. lives in a dark, desolate lair

1. convivial, loyal 2. lives in a noisy, joyous hall, the Herot

good and evil

-Beowulf is an example of dual authorship -it was translated by a Christian monk so there are pagan and christian aspects in this story

-man payment/ man price -in Anglo-Saxon and Germanic law, a price set upon a person's life on the basis of rank and paid as compensation by the family of a slayer to the kindred or lord of a slain person to free the culprit of further punishment or obligation and to prevent a blood feud

a character who sets off another chracter by contrast, contrast emphasizes the difference of the two chracters bringing out destinctive qualities in each ex. Beowulf and Unferth

repitition of a consonant sounds in words that are close to one another

a special kind of metaphor that uses compound words, prepositional phrases, or possessiveness to name a person, place, thing or event ex. "sea-road" "winters of grief" "ocean's face"

a pause or break within a line of poetry usually indicated by the natural rythym of the language

vantage point from which a writer tells a story

-narrator is a character of the story -uses pronoun I -tells his or her experiences but cannot reveal any other characters private thoughts -reader hears and sees what the narrator hears and sees -may or may not be objective

-narrator is outside the story -tells story from vanatge point of only one character -narrator can enter the mind of this chosen character- cannot tell what any other character is thinking except by observation -narrator can only go where the chosen character can go

-outside of the story -knows everything that is going on inside the story -a godlike observer who can tell us what all the characters are thinking and feeling as well as what is happening anywhere in the story

-from the Exeter Book -manuscripts of miscellaneaous Anglo-Saxon poems dating from around 940 AD -copied in 975 AD -now preserved at Exeter Cathedral in England

-found in Exeter Book -90-96 riddles

-generally short, puzzle-like poems in which the reader is invited to identify an object, animal, natural phenomenom, or process that is described in s mysterious and sometimes playful way -encourage people to see things in a new or different way -purpose > entertain, train the mind, educate

-1 to over 100 lines -four-stress lines -alliteration -Kennings -formal language -vary in literary sophistication and style