Chapter 9 Study Guide Modern World History

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly owned by village farmers. Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

the development of industries for the machine production of goods.

These were the resources needed to produce goods and service that the Industrial Revolution required. They included land, labor, capitol, and services. (LLCS)

buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

someone who organizes, manages, and takes business risks

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them making it more urban.

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

A type of cloth or woven fabric.

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade in his book The Wealth of Nations (1723-1790)

an economic system based on private ownership of capital - an economic system in which money is invested in buisness ventures with the goal of making a profit.

the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700's, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

A German journalist introduced a type of socialism called Marxism -founder of modern communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

stop work in order to press demands

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially

negotiation between an employer and trade union.

Saw that scattering seed on the ground was wasteful since many failed to take root. So, he created the seed drill in about 1701

A machine for separating cotton from its seeds.

An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power

Smuggled to the United States the design of a spinning machine.

a significant change in agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technologies that change production

an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

The writings of a German Journalist named Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism

a booming manufacturing center and a model for other such towns. Thousands of workers, mostly young single women, flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns like lowell. -12 hour days, six days a week; decent wage; good opportunity