Chapter 9: Early Childhood test

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.

A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.

The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.

The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.

A federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age.

Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage.

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

A major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case, for instance, a country).

When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. Overimitation is common among 2- to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient.

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.

Vygotsky's term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories.

The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.

A program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and that encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting.

Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.

A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization seldom occurs before age 4.

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?

A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:

An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of:

After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:

The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:

Theory of mind:

What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind?

Early childhood is ____ for language learning.

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:

The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:

According to your text, it is best that children:

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:

The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program:

The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:

Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is:

Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it?

Piaget has been criticized for:

Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?

A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that:

The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:

Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind?

The average child knows about _____ words at age 2 and more than _____ at age 6.

Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of:

The term ____ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.

Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of:

Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?

Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?

According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?