Chapter 2: "First Encounters, First Conquest" (1492-1607)(info)

On October 12, 1492, (took him 66 days of sailing) him and his crew landed on a small Caribbean island, he named the island San Salvador. He believed he accomplished his mission in finding a successful route to Asia No one knows which island he exactly went to

They were on the shore when Christopher Columbus arrived. They greeted him. ????their hospitality made Columbus believe that they will be easily converted to Christianity. Conquest would be easy since they don't have weapons like Europe ????they don't have gold ????some were taken captives to be showed to Spain

//chapter 2.1 In Caribbean, Mexico, and S. America ---------- 1) the natives don't have the weapons like Europeans 2) to spread Catholicism to unify Spain.

//American voices, p. 30 After returning from his voyage, he knew his exploration was linked to Ferdinand and Isabella's efforts to unify Spain. In his log he mentions the war with the Moors who once ruled Europe in the city of Granada ????expelling Jews and Dominions ????"force arms on the towers of Alhambra" ????"false doctrine of Mahomet" ????Holy Faith= Roman Catholicism ????he thinks he's in India ---------- 1) connection Columbus make between Spain's defeat of Muslim Granada and the expulsion of Jews, to his voyage to Atlantic 2) religious motives for overseas expansion

Christopher Columbus' real name

The natives Columbus took who had gold ornaments to use as guides. They led them to this country to find the local chief (or Cacique) ????he didn't find gold

(Modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) Christopher Columbus built a fort

His crew attempted to make the Taino people as slaves ????led to the leader killing them off ????Columbus ordered as many Tainos to be killed ????they became hostile ????led to him finding deserted villages as it was common for their culture to move away from enemy forces

In 1498 Desperate to find gold, though the Caribbean had very little gold to offer Spaniards complained about working conditions, The Spanish monarchs forgave him and allowed a fourth expedition in 1502

Archeologists discovered a short-lived Norse settlement in Newfoundland somewhere between 900 and 1000 ????easily forgotten

Portuguese explorers quickly followed the routes Spain took ????in 1494 Spain and Portugal signed this treaty ????a line was drawn by the pope separated their claims

In April 149 Isabella and Ferdinand authorized other Spanish voyages across the Atlantic ????this Italian merchant made here or four trips between 1497-1504 sailing across the coast of Brazil ????He concluded that the Americas is not Asia but a new continent

German publisher produced a new map of the world in 1507. He named the new continent after Amerigo Vespucci in his honor

The governor of Hispaniola, ignored the Monarchs wishes for treating the natives kindly. ????he brought 2,500 Spanish settlers (families) ????ruthless, in 1503 he made a "friendly" meeting with the caiques, locked them in the building and burned them in it. (80 leaders)

In 1502, in Hispaniola Tainos rebelled in which Nicolás de Ovando responded by capturing 600-700 Indians and then ordering them all to be knives to death

4.5 million Before it was 70-80 million many died from European diseases (small pox, measles). Europeans took advantage of this

Set up by Marco Polo, established between Venice and China between 1271-1295

He reached the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and became the first European to view the Pacific

In 1519, five ships and their crews began a journey that led them around the tip of South America I. 1520and across the Pacific to the Philippines

The interchange of disease, plants, animals, and human cultures between the old and new worlds after 1492.

Corn (maize), potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, pumpkins, pineapples, guava, squash, tomatoes, peppers, papayas, avocados, beans, cassava, blueberries, tobacco, cocoa, and vanilla

Wheat, barley, rye, oats, apples, peaches, pears, plums, apricots, cherries, bananas, coffee, tea, sugar cane, melons, lemons, oranges, cabbage, carrots, grapes, lettuce, onions, and garlic

Small pox, measles, Influenza, yellow fever, typhus, scarlet fever, diphtheria

Sailed from Cuba to Mexico with 600 soldiers in 1519. Within 2 years, he conquered Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, and renamed it Mexico City Aztecs at first thought that Cortés was their lost god Quetzalcoatl Aztec emperor Motecuhzoma was taken as a prisoner Had support from thousands of tribes, who were oppressed by the Aztecs

Tenochtitlán was destroyed, Cortés set new buildings. New Spain was the capital of the Spanish empire in Mexico and Central America

He was, at first, friendly to the Inca emperor, but later initiated a surprise attack. In 1532, he had an army of 168 soldiers defeated the Inca Emperor Atahuallpa and his army of 80,000 soldiers. Within a few years he Inca Empire of 32 million people had become the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Father and son monarchs in Spain. They were the richest and most powerful rulers in Europe at the time

(1484-1566) He is a priest, but he also participated in the conquest of Cuba in 1512, he awarded with a large ranch (encomienda) In 1514, he gave up his land and slaves to preach and write against the oppression of the natives. For the next 50 years documenting cruelty. Begged monarchy to stop the conquistadors. ---------- Isabella ordered for natives to be treated as freedmen not as slaves, she promoted Christians to have have better treatment

A Dominican priest, in 1511 he asked his Spanish congregation to stop the cruelty against natives.

Bartolomé de Las Casas writing during the Protestant Reformation, republished his words.

(1483-1546) a German monk, asked for a debate about religious doctrine by posting his Ninety-Five Theses. Roman Catholic Church began to challenge some of the churches practices ????new translation of the bible, salvation through "good works" ????his action led to a religious split

Religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe. Led followers of Luther, Calvin, and others to break from the Catholic Church. ????would shape the cultural and political development of the future U.S

(1509-1564) French-Swiss reformer, developed his religious ideas, during the Protestant Reformation. ????made a system of Christian theology called Calvinism.

Introduced printing to Europe. That used moveable type in 1455 and the subsequent rapid spread of printing hugely expanded literacy in the medieval world ????by 1500, at always 10 million individual books were printed

Developed more or less as the same time as the Protestant Catholic split. ????modern idea that the world should be governed by independent nations, or nation-states

Was Luther's protector and had enough power to ensure Luther's safety in spite of hostility from the Holy Roman emperor, the pope, and other kings.

Most of Europe's modern nations didn't exist. They United Spain by 1492. The idea of being part of a nation was taking new importance

An agreement among different smaller kingdoms in Germany that no ruler would attack the kingdom of another on religious grounds ????addressed divisions between Lutherans and Catholics and the Treaty of Westphalia

A 1648 peace treaty between a number of European powers that significantly extended the ideas of the Peace of Augsburg ????concluded the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and the Protestants in Central Europe ????national unity and religous uniformity

He took part of the Spanish army that conquered Muslim Granada in 1492 ????led the first known European expeditions to Puerto Rico and Florida ????governor of Puerto Rico in 1508-1509, found San Juan ????was looking for Fountain of Youth and expansion. Died from a poisoned arrow in Florida

In 1528, he sailed to Tampa Bay, his expedition was a disaster. American Indians attacked him and 300 men. ????survivors built boats and left, however weather conditions made them move west to Galveston Texas.

Discovered by accident, from the Narváez expedition. ????explored by Europeans and Africans together

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Andres Dorantes, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an African Muslim named Estaban. ????walked from Texas to Mexico City, had a reputation as healers and traders. ????made it to Mexico City in 1536

A Franciscan brother in 1539, led an expedition to find the fabled cites that had vast wealth, Seven Cities of Cibola ????asked Esteban to scout for them, he was killed when he went to the Zuni Pueblo of Hawikuh

In 1540, led a large expedition across the U.S-Mexican border to Arizona ???? had battles with the Natives at the Zuni Pueblo, in the confederation of Cibola ????the Pueblos found out that rather than fighting they should assure them that real wealth was over the horizon. They went to Oklahoma. Not finding any wealth they reined to Mexico City in 1542

Explored more of future U.S. He had won fame and gold through military exploits in Panama I the 1520s. Part of Pizarro's conquest. Given royal charter to settle in La Florida. He brought disease that killed many natives. He died from SA fever in 1542 ????sailed to Florida with 500-600 Spaniards. Saw fields of corn and large towns with powerful rulers ????his expedition went to Georgia and the Carolinas ????Cofitachiqui (probably Creek village) De Soto took their princess prisoner, demanded to guide them to gold

He investigated the Pacific Coast. In 1542, Cabrillo sailed north from Mexico along the Pacific Coast with 3 ships. In September 1542, he reached San Diego Bay in California. Then went to North California

He was a French Protestant, in 1562 he commissioned Jean Ribault to make an initial trip to Florida ????built a town they named Fort Caroline after King Charles IX of France

He was given jurisdiction of a new Spanish colony to reach from Florida to Newfoundland and was told to establish cities in Florida and oust the French Protestants ????he founded St. Augustine ????began friendly trade with the Timuca Indians ????He attacked Fort Caroline

They valued Spanish goods and provided the Spanish colony with food, root vegetables, etc. but resisted religious conversion

Or "reconquest," a spirit of high nationalism of Spain itself when both Muslims and Jews were driven out of the country and religious unity were seen as one and the same

He was an English privateer. In 1579 sailed up the coast of California. Took Cabrillo's route and the route of Ferdinand Magellan

He was appointed governor of New Mexico with instructions not to follow the harsh policies of Cortés or Pizarro. He did not find riches he was recalled in 1609 ????his expedition stopped on the banks of Rio Grande and claimed it for Spain ????built a capital named San Gabriel ????Acoma Pueblo avoided Oñate, he didn't want to cede land. He attacked a Spanish scouting party. Oñate responded by burning Acoma to the ground. ????when Jumano Indians also resisted. He hanged their Chris and burned their village

He took Don Juan de Oñate's place as new Royal governed, he moved the capital further north to a new town that he created and named Santa Fe in 1610.

(r. 1515-1547) did not want to leave the Americas to Spain or Portugal. In 1524 he commissioned an Italian sailor Giovanni da Verrazano, to explore the Alantic coast and find a sea route to Asia for France

Commissioned by King Francis I of France to explore the Atlantic and find a sea route to Asia for France. ????he sailed (La Dauphine) from Florida to Newfoundland ????he concluded an entire continent divided the Atlantic from the Pacific

He was authorized by France to find a northern sea route to Asia, in 1534. ????he explored Newfoundland and the gulf of St. Lawrence River ????he traded furs ---------- In his second voyage in 1536-1536, he explored the St. Lawrence River far upstream . Met friendly natives. ????there's no quick way to go to Asia

Or John Cabot, he was an Italian commissioned by King Henry VII in 1497. ????most likely landed on Newfoundland ????made a second voyage in 1498, he and his companions disappeared most likely the ship sunk from a storm

He was the king of England at the time. The pope titled him "Defender of the Faith" because he wrote a defense of traditional doctrine. ????married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. 5/6 children died. Henry wanted a male heir. Wanted to divorce her ????Holy Roman Emperor opposed the divorce In the Protestant Reformation gave him opportunity. In 1534, Parliament allowed him to marry Anne Boleyn.

In England, when King Henry passed away in 1547 England had these three major religious groups

Within the Church of England, one group of Protestants who are the majority and also supported Henry's arrangement ????independence from pope ????preserving Catholic traditions

A growing minority in England who wanted more radical religious change to "Purify" the Church of England of Catholic practices. Especially leadership of bishops

(r. 1558-1608) daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn she became queen when Mary I died. She embraced Protestantism ????if England was Catholic, Henry's marriage to Anne would be illegal and she should be illegitimate. However, Protestantism allows her the right to be queen.

Parliament declared that Elizabeth I was "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England ????"Book of Common Prayer" preserved Catholic rituals within Protestant theology ????every person in England were required to attend church once a week ????Catholics who refused to break with Rome were persecuted

In 1584 he was authorized by England to use his own funds to occupy lands in North America ????made a colony that failed, later named the lost colony