Chapter 12 Test Review World History

After the fall of Charlemagne's empire, disorder and uncertainty plagued western Europe so people turned to powerful landholders who, in exchange for for certain services, would provide that security;.

it was a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land.

feudal system of the Middle Ages centered around him

a piece of land held by one man

used land a lord permitted him to

king-fief-lord-vassal

At the top of the feudal system in each western European kingdom

land of the king that he kept for personal use

heavily armed warriors, wearing full body armor and mounted on horses

the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights

Boys started at age 7 as a servant in the service of a lord at age 21 squire would become a knight

certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners.

a family's distinct display of heraldry

meaning military camp. With invasions and warfare so prevalent, nobles built heavily fortified dwellings

two knights fought to knock each other off their horses

groups of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the whole countryside.

favorite kind of hunting/ hunted falcons

musicians who played simple stringed instruments and sang ballads of love and war.

Vast majority of people in Europe did not live in castles and had no time or energy for games

estates that belonged to the nobles, ranging in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres.

peasants lived in villages of 10 to 50 families located near the center of the manor

serfs worked here about two to three days a week

the church forbade fighting from Friday through Sunday of each week

in which the priests denied the sacraments to persons who robbed churches, took a serfs property, or killed noncombatants during battles

considered most valuable for earning one's salvation was a visit to the Holy Land, especially the Christian sites around Jerusalem.

1095 he responded to the Byzantine Empire by proclaiming the beginning of the crusades.

stated purpose of capturing the Holy Land from the Muslims and holding it for Christendom

Muslims that Europe battled in the crusades

simple farmers began to revolt but with the Turks being experienced warriors, destroyed the Europeans.

1096-1099/ Within a year they captured the Asia Minor for the Byzantine Empire and took Jerusalem in 1099.

`Kingdom of Jerusalem, Country of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, and the Country of Edessa

responded after the Muslims took the Country of Edessa (1147-1149)

called on upon the pope to preach of the need for Europeans to take up the cross again

persuaded by the preaching of Bernard and were the two of Europe's most powerful monarchs of the day and lead the crusade

Muslim leader and renowned sultan of Egypt

Happened after the fall of Jerusalem accomplished only the agreement of the European control of the Holy Land(1189-1192)

English king that joined his French and German counterparts to lead what is remembered as the "Crusade of Kings"

German king that drowned in Asia minor, prompting most of his soldiers to return home

French king that led his men back to Europe after a minor victory for the crusaders at the seaport of Acre on the coast of Palestine

Coeur de Lion which means Lion-Hearted was given to him for his heroic exploits in Palestine.

(1202-1204) never reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantinople, a city of Christendom

occurred in 1212 when fanatical preaching instigated about 30,000 French children to march on the Holy Land

new towns that sprang up beside fortresses

Those living in these new communities

the class between the nobility and the peasants was given rise thanks to burgs

brought together merchants from many lands

an early form of trade unionism, consisted of voluntary associations among merchants, artisans, and craftsmen

a confederation of northern German towns formed during the 13th century and eventually embracing some 85 cities.

a low -lying region located in western Belgium, just across the English Channel from the British Isles.

leading banking family who ruled Florence, Italy and influenced European politics and economics from the 1300s until the 1700s.

essay questions

Archetectual style used thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches.

Archeticture had tall walls with many pointed windows

Gothic archecticure used here

growing need for men with special training in such professions as law and medicine led to the founding of these

first medieval university was center for the study of medicine

Where John Wycliffe was an official

gained great prestige with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philoosophy

Oldest German university

trivium- consisting of grammer, rhetoric and logic quarivium- composed of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy

an attempt to synthesize Greek philosophy with Romanism

Two great scholastics Thomas Aquinas- known as "Dumb Ox" speaked slowly but had a brilliant mind William of Ockham- brilliant mind at Oxford

denied the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything

The most outstanding scholar at Oxford university during the 14th century/ began the first translation of the Bible into English

Followers of John Wycliffe were called this

"Morning Star of the Reformation

Where John Huss saw the light

a Dutch contemporeary of John Wycliffe who organized the Brethren of the Common Life

Divine Comedy

The Canterburg Tales

Enthusiam for classical Greek and Latin lituratue sprang up in Itlay

subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry

"Father of Humanism"'

First great writer of prose in a modern language

Wrote The Prince

people who use their own money to support the arts

Changed the art of painting in the 14th century

followed Giotto's footsteps to reach new heights in realistic painting

captured the likeness of reality in stone and metal

Personified the era's new ideal of man Renaissance man/ painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper

painted Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens

the greatest Italian lyric poet of the 16th century/ Sistine Chapel, David and Moses

invented the movable-type printing press about 1440.

1456, first Gutenberg bible was published