Chapter 1- (Early Civilization) :HISTORY 101

How did historian create pictures of the past?

The first humanlike creatures that existed in Africa

An alternate name hominids are referred to as

Early humanlike creature that is the first to make simple stone tools

"up right" human being

Which hominid was the first to leave Africa and move to Eurpoe & Asia?

"wise human being"

" wise wise human being" appread in Africa 200,000 years ago

Found in Neander Valley in Germany [Hominids].

Which hominid was the first to bury their dead?

Greek for "Old Stone" , designates the early period of human history

Moving place to place

What were 2 important technological innovations during the Paleolithic Perid?

Significant change in living patterns that occured in the New Stone Age

Biggest change from hunting animals (food gathering) as well as food production.

Permanent settlements where crops were grown regularly.

What was the earliest Neolithic Farming Village?

Complex culture large where large numbers of human beings share common elements

Where cities are centers of political and economic development

Gods were crucial to communities success

New Political / Military

Social Structure based on economic power

To keep records

To alleviate stress and convey relgious points

1)Urban Focus 2)Distinct Religous Structure 3)New Political/ Military 4)Social Structure Based on Economic Power 5)Development of Writing 6)Artistic & Intellectual Activity

What are the 4 organized areas of emerging civilization?

Valley between the rivers

creators of mesopotamian civilization who established independent cities

Massive stepped tower temple it was the center of the city

Which people inventived mudbrick arches and buildings?

Gods ruled cities (Divine Rule)

4 major social groups in mesopotamian society?

Belonged to palace officials, used in building projects. Non racial

90% of the population, they worked as farmers, merchants, fishers, srcribes and craftspeople

Royal and priestly officials and their familes

included the elite's clients who worked on the palace and temple estates

An ancient empire in mesopotamia

Leader of Akkadians who overan summerian city staes and established dynasty rule

Sargons succesor and grandson who waged many military campaigns.

"King of Four corners"

established a new dynasty that reunifed mesopotamia during the end of the Akkadian Empire

Established rule after settling over 200yrs. King Hammurab

Established new rule and empire over Sumer and Akkad

King Hammurabi

Taught an eye for an eye and held public officials responsible for protecting cities; very harsh consequences

Earliest center of Sumerian Religion

4 Important Deities of Mesopotamia

God of wind and 2nd most powerful in the universe in charge of wind and an expression of the legitimate use of force

God of the Sky and 1st most important in the unvierse

Began as goddess of soil, mountains and vegatation

Mother of all children

Relationships with the gods based on subservience and sacrifice

Largest river in the world that begins in Afrca

When the Nile river would flood, the silt that would deposit into the earth was black, therefore gaining its name.

The Study of Egyptian history was prived by him who was an egyptian priest and historian who divided Egyptian history into 31 dynasties of kings

Consisted of numerous populated ares ruled by tribal chieftans

First Egyptian royal dynasty who united upper/lower Egypt.

Chief spiritual precept that conveyed the idea of truth and Justice.

Head of each Nome in Egypt

Provinces that were divded in Egypt

the decline in the Old Kingom

the period between the old kingdom and middle kingdom that was engendered because of the fall of the old Kingdom

Most of the middle kingdoms history cented arund the 12th dynasty by him

Organized along hierachial lines, god and king at the top, members ruled the government and managed their own estates

What was the word for Religion in Egypt

took many forms and was worshipped both forms

form of the sun god who was worshipped in its human form

Form of the sun god who was worshipped in a human form with a falcon face

River/Land Deity

Osiris, identifying with Osirus, one could hope to gain a new life

A great achievement by Egyptians, they were used for the storage of bodies

Referring to the deceased physical body and spiritual body. Preservation of the physical body granted a well kept spiritual body

A 6-7 month process that slows the decaying process of a body by applying natural body salts in bandage type material to preserve the deceased's spiritual and physical body.

What Caused the Fall of the Middle Kingdom

defeated the hyskos from Egypt and reunited egypt. Founded the New Kingdom

New Kingdom

expanded Egypts border to the south by conquering the African kingdom of Nubia

led 17 military campaigns into Canaan and Phoenicia

introduced worship of Aten, god of the sun disk

god of the sun disk.

"Slave of Aten" , the changed name of Amenhotep to encourage his people to follow the new religious followings. He also closed temples to other gods

Restored the old gods and assumed the role

Gained control over Canaan

2 foreign countries lost under Amenhotep IVs rule