Biology 1407 Ch 26 Vocab

analogy

binomial

clade

cladistics

cladogram

class

character

domain

family

genus

homologies

homologous genes

homoplasy

homoplasies

ingroup

kingdom

maximum liklihood

maximum parsimony

molecular systematics

monophyletic group (clade)

order

orthologous genes

outgroup

paralogous genes

paraphyletic group

phylogenetic tree

polyphyletic

shared ancestral

shared derived

specific epithet

taxon

Distinguish between taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny.

Explain why it is crucial to distinguish between homology and analogy before selecting characters to use in the reconstruction of phylogeny.

Explain why bird and bat wings are homologous as vertebrate forelimbs but analogous as wings.

Describe several reasons using common names can be problematic (in class notes)

Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b.hierarchial classification

List the major taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive.

Define a clade

Distinguish between a monophyletic clade paraphyletic and polyphyletic grouping of species.

Distinguish between shared primitive characters and shared derived characters.

Explain how shared derived characters can be used to construct a phylogenetic diagram.

Explain how outgroup comparison can be used to distinguish between shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters.

Discuss how systematists use the principles of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood in reconstructing phylogenies.

Explain why any phylogenetic diagram represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Distinguish between orthologousand paralogous genes.

Explain how gene duplication has led to families of paralogous genes

Linnaean classification mnemonic device

Chapter 26 Assignment

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. A) Bacteria and Archaea B) Bacteria and Eukarya C) Bacteria and Protista D) Bacteria E) Protista and Archaea

In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____. Protista Animalia Fungi Plantae Monera

A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya ... Fungi Eukarya ... Protista Eukarya ... Plantae Eukarya ... Animalia Bacteria ... Archaea

A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. A) Eukarya ... Fungi B) Eukarya ... Protista C) Eukarya ... Plantae D) Eukarya ... Animalia E) Bacteria ... Archaea

In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? A) Fungi B) Protista C) Plantae D) Animalia E) Monera

In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? A) They are sedentary. B) They are heterotrophs. C) They lack cell walls. D) They are unicellular. E) They are autotrophs.

There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five

Quiz Content

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that includes species T, X, Y, and Z makes up A) a polyphyletic grouping. B) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. C) a monophyletic clade. D) a paraphyletic grouping. E) a valid taxon.

In a comparison of birds with mammals, having four appendages is A) a shared ancestral character. B) a character useful for sorting bird species. C) an example of analogy rather than homology. D) a shared derived character. E) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A) domestic cat B) lion C) wolf D) tiger E) leopard

The relative lengths of the amphibian and mouse branches in the phylogeny in the figure above indicate that A) amphibians evolved before mice. B) mice evolved before amphibians. C) the genes of amphibians and mice have only coincidental homoplasies. D) the homologous gene has evolved more rapidly in mice. E) the homologous gene has evolved more slowly in mice.

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, A) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. B) choose the tree with the fewest branch points. C) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. D) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. E) base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution.

Which of the following taxonomic categories contains all the others listed here? (Concept 26.1) A) genus B) species C) order D) family E) class

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. (Concept 26.2) A) are not related B) have increased genetic diversity C) by chance had similar mutations in the past D) evolved from the same ancestor E) are headed for extinction

Systematists have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which one of the following traits produces the best estimate of the true phylogeny? (Concept 26.2) A) gross morphological traits B) molecular traits C) behavioral traits D) biochemical traits E) all of the above traits combined

By definition a clade is _____. (Concept 26.3) A) analogous B) Monophyletic C) paraphyletic D) polyphyletic E) parsimonious

Fossil evidence indicates that some dinosaurs had feathers. If birds are indeed descended from dinosaurs, feathers are what kind of character? (Concept 26.3) A) Cladistic character B) Polyphyletic character C) Analogous character D) Shared ancestral character. E) Shared derived character

What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome? (Concept 26.4) A) Mutation B) Parsimony C) Gene duplication D) Cladistics E) All of the above.

Why do researchers use rRNA in investigations of relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago? (Concept 26.4) A) rRNA is traditionally the nucleic acid chosen for recent comparisons. B) DNA coding for rRNA changes relatively slowly. C) rRNA mutates rapidly. D) rRNA cannot mutate. E) rRNA is never the nucleic acid chosen for comparisons.

Molecular clocks are based on the idea that _____. (Concept 26.5) A) Molecules resonate at a certain frequency that can be measured. B) Advantageous mutations arise at a constant rate. C) Directional selection occurs at a constant rate. D) Mutations occur once every generation. E) On average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate.

The domains of life are _____. (Concept 26.6)

What process has clearly been involved in producing the tree/bush/ring of life? (Concept 26.6) A) Horizontal gene transfer B) mitosis C) phylogenetics D) artificial selection E) taxonomy

Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth, and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) binary fission D) horizontal gene transfer E) alternative RNA splicing

Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the "ring of life"? A) Only eukaryotes perform mitosis. B) The nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria. C) Eukaryotes and archaeans both lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. D) Circular chromosomes are present in both bacteria and archaeans. E) Introns are rare in both bacteria and archaeans.

In Figure 26.4 in your textbook, which similarly inclusive taxon descended from the same common ancestor as Canidae?

Select the correct statement about phylogenetic trees. A) Phylogenetic trees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time. B) Phylogenetic trees always show increased branching, representing increased diversity over time. C) All phylogenetic trees are similarly shaped.

Which of these are homologous structures? A) Plant root and plant leaf B) There are no homologous plant structures. C) Ivy leaf and pine needle

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of related groups of organisms. Organisms are grouped into taxa based on homologous characteristics, shared traits that result from common ancestry. Which statement is true? A) Homologous structures look the same and serve the same function, but they differ in evolutionary origin and structure. B) The term "monophyletic" refers to a taxon that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. C) Ancestral traits are always simpler than derived traits.