Testing
One method of assessment used to evaluate student progress, outcomes and needs.
Assessment
Includes many formal and informal methods of evaluating students.
Disproportionality
When students from various ethnic or linguistically different groups are under- or overrepresented in receiving special education services.
RTI
Process used when effective research-based interventions are not successful with students.
Norm referenced test
Compares a student's performance of a task to students of the same age or grade level.
Criterion referenced test
Assesses a student's progress in skill mastery against specific standards. CRCT. End of course test.
Standardized test
Tests are structured, provide specific instructions, formats, scoring and interpretation procedures.
High-Stakes test
Used to monitor progress of schools and districts in the form of an adequate yearly progress (AYP) score.
Alternative Assessment
Students with disabilities who are unable to participate in statewide assessments are tested using an alternative assessment. (portfolio type things.)
No Child Left Behind
Placed more of an emphasis on all students achieving the same standards.
IDEA 2004 (pl. 94-142)
Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Mandated an assessment and education for children with disabilities.
Mediation
No cost, voluntary, does not delay or deny parental rights.
Informed Consent required...
For initial evaluation and reevaluation.
If a parent does not give consent
LEA does not provide services. LEA may pursue legal means to force an evaluation.
IEP team members required
Parents, regular education teacher, special education teacher, representative of the school district (LEA), someone to interpret evaluation results, other individuals who have knowledge of the child, when appropriate, the child with a disability
IEP member excused if...
The parent and LEA consent to the excusal. The member submits, in writing, input into the development of the IEP.
504
This is a civil rights law, whose purpose is to prevent discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal financial assistance. Extends beyond the categories of IDEA. Similar procedural safeguards and evaluation requirements as IDEA.
Who gets an IEP?
Any child receiving special education services.
Transition Services
Services that are designed to assist a student making the transition between school and adult life (school, work, living, community).
Who must receive transition services?
Any student with an IEP that is 16 years or older.
Related Services
Services that are considered necessary for the child to benefit from the instructional goals of the IEP.
IFSP
Individual Family Service Plan. Ages birth-3 years old.
Error Analysis
Provides insight into learning how a student completes a task. Look for patterns of errors.
Ecological and Environmental Assessment
Evaluate the environment to determine influences on the learning process. Reflects a major trend toward assessing students in their natural environments.
RTI Step 1
Progress in core academic subjects of all children should be monitored routinely (80-90%). Statewide assessments, teacher made tests, general ed performance.
RTI Step 2
Students who experience difficulty when compared to their peers are considered to be at risk of academic or behavioral problems and then receive tier-two interventions, such as remedial assistance or tutoring using research-based interventions (5-10%).
RTI Step 3
Students not successful with tier-two interventions receive intensive intervention through the teacher assistance team that is specifically designed to address areas of difficulty (1-5%).
Early Intervening Services
Address the student's needs within the general education classroom and prevent additional assessment. Available K-12, with emphasis in grades K-3. Use of research-based practices and documentation. May be included in RTI methods.
ESEA
Offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for text and library books, it created special education centers, and created scholarships for low-income college students. Additionally, the law provided federal grants to state educational agencies to improve the quality of elementary and secondary education.
Interval Scale
Used for identification that rank greater or lesser quality or amount. Numbers are equidistant (e.g., degrees on a thermometer) Does not have an absolute-zero quality Numbers cannot be use in other mathematical operations (e.g., multiplication)
Ratio Scale
Used for direct comparisons and mathematical manipulations. Numbers are equidistant from each other. Numbers have a true meaning of absolute zero. Can be used in all mathematical operations
Nominal Scale
Used for identification purposes only; the numbers function like a name (e.g., an ID number). Numbers cannot be used in mathematical operations. Least useful scale
Ordinal Scale
Used to rank the order of items. Numbers have the quality of identification and indicate greater or lesser quality (e.g., first place, second place, etc.). Numbers are not equidistant (i.e., the distance between first and second place and second and third place is not necessarily the same)
Frequency Distribution
Rank scores from highest to lowest. Tally how many of each score was obtained.
Frequency Polygon
A graph that represents a data set.
Median
Found by rank ordering the data set, writing each score the number of times it occurs. Count halfway down the list of scores; 50% of the data are listed above the median and 50% are below. In a data set with an even number of scores, the median score may not actually exist in the data set.
Mean
One of the best measures of average performance is the mean. The mean is found by calculating simple average.
What can affect the mean?
Extreme scores, especially if the group is composed of only a few students.
Mode
The score that occurs the most number of times.
Range
Provides an idea about the spread. Calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score.
Bimodal Distribution
The distribution has two modes.
Multimodal Distribution
A distribution with three or more modes.
Why do we calculate mean, median, mode, range, etc.?
To know how students performed as a group and what constitutes excellent, average, and poor performance.
Variance
The degree or amount of variability or dispersion in a set of scores.
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is one determined typical unit above and below the score of 100. one method of calculating difference in scores or variability of scores known as dispersion.
When are scores considered a significant distance from the mean?
When they are more than one standard deviation from the mean.
Descriptive Statistics
Large sets of data are organized and understood through methods.
Measures of central tendency
A way to organize data to see how the data cluster, or are distributed around a numerical representation of the average score.
Measures of dispersion
Used to calculate how scores are spread from the mean.
Normal Distribution
The standard deviations represent the percentages of scores shown on the bell curve. More than 68% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above or below the mean.
Negatively Skewed Distribution
Large number of scores occur above the mean.
Positively Skewed Distribution
Large number of scores occur below the mean.
Raw Score
Subtract the number of items students missed from the number of items presented.
Derived Score
Obtain meaning from large sets of data or large samples of scores.
Positive Correlation
0-1
Negative Correlation
-1-0
No Correlation