When did agriculture start?
about 12,000 years ago
What stage was the world in when agriculture started?
the Neolithic Age/Agricultural Revolution
What is intensification?
getting more food/resources from much less land 1. more food led to more people 2. more people led to greater need for intensive exploitation
Which regions of the world did the Agricultural Revolution independently happen in and when?
1. Fertile Crescent of SW Asia 2. several areas in sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. the Andes 7. eastern North America - all happened at about 12,000-4,000 years ago
What is the broad spectrum diet?
Archeologists' term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals
Which sex were the agricultural innovators?
females
Which region was the first to have a full Agricultural Revolution?
the Fertile Crescent
What were the two ways that agriculture spread?
1. diffusion 2. colonization/migration - often, both processes were involved
True/False?: Language and culture did not spread with agriculture.
FALSE. Language and culture did spread with agriculture.
How long did the globalization of agriculture take?
about 10,000 years
Where did the globalization of agriculture not spread beyond?
New Guinea
How many people were alive: - 10,000 years ago? - 5,000 years ago? - the beginning of the Common Era (C.E./A.D.)?
- 6 million - 50 million - around 250 million
Why didn't farming necessarily improve the way of life?
- more hard work - new diseases from interaction with wild animals - first epidemics
What were the three explosions of technological innovation?
1. pots 2. textiles 3. metallurgy
What was the secondary products revolution?
started around 4,000 B.C.E., was a new set of technological changes
What did the secondary products revolution bring about?
new uses for domesticated animals (milking, riding, plowing, etc.)
Where did pastoral nomads emerge?
- central Asia - the Arabian Peninsula - the Sahara Desert - parts of eastern and SE Africa
When were horses domesticated?
domesticated by 4,000 B.C.E.
What were the most characteristic forms of early agricultural societies?
Banpo or Jericho
Describe Çatalhüyük (SE Turkey).
- population?: several thousand - dead buried under the houses - no streets, people jumped from roof to roof - no indication of male/female dominance
How were village-based agricultural societies organized?
by kinship, group, or lineage
What was the Tiv?
- in central Nigeria - organized nearly a million people in the late nineteenth century into village-based agricultural societies
Describe chiefdoms
- chiefs, unlike kings, relied on generosity, ritual statu - emerged in Mesopotamia, after 6,000 B.C.E.