AP WORLD HISTORY PERIOD 4 KEY TERMS

An era during which rational thought is prominent or esteemed, especially the Enlightenment in western Europe.

a ruler of the Mughal empire from 1542-1605, he pursued tolerance for all religions and cultures; he expanded the empire and led the golden age of the Mughal empire

took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries; most slaves transported to the new world

founder of the Christian Protestant sect called Calvinism which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.

the exchange of plants. animals, diseases, and technologies between the peoples of the Americas and the old world and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.

established in 1602; was the first company to issue stock and considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world; established to carry out colonial trade and activities in Asia

a grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies; it provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindias

established in 1689; ensured the power and rights of parliament (therefore taking away from the power of the monarchy and ensuring the power of the parliament)

a philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and that were just as scientific as the laws of physics

started with the Spanish expanding into the new world, after this happened the race for land and the extortion of resources occurred; European countries soon set off around the world colonizing land and getting rich at the expense of their conquered peoples

improved the Chinese printing press; Johannes Gutenberg made a printing press that efficiently; device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of movable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in human history, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.

a rich European (In Spanish speaking colonies, Spanish Europeans) held a large area of land on which serfs and slaves worked. They worked the land for the land owner and were bound there; landowners owned the workers

separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic church; became supreme head of the church of England; only did this because the Roman Catholic church denied him a divorce

the theory that the sun is the center of the Solar System and not the Earth

the loose federation of mostly German states and principalities headed by an emperor elected by the princes; lasted from 962-1806

the forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act (people paid the church to be forgiven of their sins); inspired reformation movements

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century; the trained Christian boys taken from Christian families in the Ottoman empire

Manchu: federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing empire; Manchus overthrew the Ming empire in 1644, the Quing controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan and Tibet, the last Qing emperor overthrown in 1911

leader of the reformation act against the Roman Catholic church and father of the Protestants; wanted to reform the church because of its corruptions and the indulgence system; posted a 95 thesis

term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent

term used by Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent

a Russian tsar that introduced and encouraged Russia to become like a Western state; introduced technology, culture, language, style, etc

a term used by Spanish colonies to describe someone born of Spanish descent (directly from Spain)

Spain was in debt and King Phillip II imposed a heavy sales tax and tried to enforce Catholic orthodoxy (did this to the Netherlands who soon revolted)

religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England

the intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had lad the groundwork for modern science.

the most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; ruled from 1520-1566; also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver"; he significantly expanded the empire in the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean