AP World History Key Terms

Transition period in which groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life (8000-3000 B.C.E.)

Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture (Hanging Gardens)

Babylons fell to this group of people after the Kassites

Longest of the Persian roads (approx. 1600 miles)

Came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade, rather than the barter system

1). Established powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean 2). Developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters as opposed to the more complex cuneiform system

Significant for their monotheistic Jewish beliefs

First female ruler known in history; ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom; credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions

Two major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; held more than 100,00 people (enormous, by ancient standards)

Social hierarchical system in India established by the Aryans

Rose in the Huang He River Valley; very isolated and believed that they were at the center of the world

Familial structure which was headed by the eldest male

Zhou Dynasty; heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely

Way of organizing government tasks by department; allowed different parts of the government to specialize and stabilize

Believed to be the first sub-Saharan city; not hierarchically organized

Two early civilizations in the Americas; the former in Mexico and the latter in the Andes

Most important Mayan political center; populated by around 100,000 people

Tiered temple of the Mayans, resembling the Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats

Founded the Mauryan Empire by unifying smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization

Chandragupta's grandson; converted to Buddhism after battle at Kalinga

Reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives; commissioned by Ashoka

Founder of the Gupta Empire

More decentralized and smaller than the Mauryan Empire, but referred to as the Golden Age, due to advances in mathematics, arts, and science

Short-lived Chinese dynasty which came after the Zhou, but was noted for the Great Wall

First emperor of the Qin Dynasty; recentralized feudal kingdoms and standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, and systems of writing

"Warrior Emperor" who greatly enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia

Greek city-states which shared a common culture and identity

Two main city-states; former was the cultural center of Greece, while the latter was highly agricultural and militaristic

Aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and to ensure fair, equal, and open participation

United all the Greek city-states against their common enemy, Persia

Led by Pericles, who established a democracy, rebuilt Athens after Persian deconstruction (Parthenon), established Delian League, and philosophy and arts flourished

League comprising of Athens and other city-states

Greek philosophers whose processes were more revolutionary than the ideas themselves

Wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey prior to the Golden Age

War between Athens and Sparta which eventually made it vulnerable to outside attacks (despite the Spartan victory), which were seized by the Macedonians

Led the Macedonians to conquer Greece; respected Greek culture and allowed it to flourish

Philip's son who widely expanded Macedonian dominance

Alexander's Empire: Greece and Macedon

Alexander's Empire: Egypt

Alexander's Empire: Bactria and Anatolia

The culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece

Land-owning noble men

All other free men

Codified set of Roman laws; "innocent until proven guilty"

Social structure of Roman family; eldest male; patriarchy

City-state in North Africa with powerful ambitions of its own, and became Rome's first enemy

Between Rome and Carthage; first war was to gain control of Sicily, second war began by an attack instigated by Hannibal; third war was instigated by Rome and burned Carthage to the ground

Carthiginian general considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all time

Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar

"Emperor for Life"; resulted in assassination by angry senators

Octavius, Marc Anthony, Lepidus

Rose to power and assumed the name of Augustus Caesar, and became emperor; Rome became the capital of the Western world under him; established the rule of law, a common coinage, civil service, and secure travel for merchants

Period of Roman peace for 200 years

State religion of Rome

First Christian Roman Emperor

Issued by Constantine to end the persecution of Christians

Emperor of Rome; brought armies back under imperial control; divided empire into two regions run by co-emperors; capped prices to deal with inflation

City ordered by Constantine over the Greek city of Byzantium

Germanic people who had adopted Roman law and Christianity; pressures faced by Rome of invasions by this group

Stretched from China to the Roman Empire

Mohammad and his followers fled to this city to escape persecution; "hijra" (first year in Muslim calendar)

Became caliph after Mohammad's death

Government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided

Frankish leader who stopped the Muslim advance in Europe

Holds that Ali, Mohammad's son-in-law, was the rightful heir to the empire

Holds that the four rightly guided caliphs should lead

Capital of the Abbasid Dynasty and one of the great cultural centers of the world

Published a mathematical encyclopaedia which was unlike anything compiled before it

Islamic mystics who were its most effective missionaries

Turkish slaves who revolted and established a new capital at Samarra, Iraq. This was one of the final blows to the Islamic caliphates

Defeated the Abbasids

Period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance

Brand of Christianity established in the Byzantine Empire

Under this emperor, the former glory and unity of the Roman Empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople

Codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive

Cathedral built by Justinian

Defeat led by Charles Martel, of Muslim advancing armies

Declining Frankish dynasty

Founded by Charles Martel; put his sons forth as successors

Martel's son who chose to have his succession certified by the pope, a significant step that sent the clear signal that an empire's legitimacy rested on the Roman Catholic Church's approval

"Charles the Great"; built the Holy Roman Empire

His coronation marked the beginning of the name of the Holy Roman Empire

Beneath the king in the European feudal structure; in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of the kingdom

Lesser lords who controlled smaller sections of nobles' land; land could further be split to subordinate vassals and so on

Below the vassals; worked the land

Estates that were granted to the vassals (originally called fiefs)

Centered on the rotation of three fields: one for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not-seeded fallow harvest (the latter allowing the land to replenish its nutrients)

Honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect. Most of the lords and knights followed this code

When a lord died under the feudal system, his land and title were passed down to his eldest son

Middle-class merchants who became politically powerful during the Middle Ages

Alliance which controlled trade throughout much of Northern Europe

Military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity

Academic progress which sometimes came into conflict with the Church because it relied on reason rather than faith as its basis (people thought more openly and universities were found)

Issued strict decrees on church doctrine. Heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted and a fourth Crusade, which was ultimately unsuccessful, occurred under him

Formalized interrogation and persecution progress of heretics, under Pope Gregory IX

Name given to the Church due to its pervasiveness and ultimate power

Famous Christian realist who made significant inroads in altering Christian thought. Wrote the Summa Theologica, which outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other

Time between kings

Since his time, England followed a tradition of a strong monarchy

(1215) Document which reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles, as well as extending the rule of law to other people in the country, namely the growing burgher class. Nobles forced King John to sign it. Laid the foundation for the Parliament

Farm girl who claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English. French authorities supplied her with military backing, and she forced the British to retreat from Orleans, but was later captured by the French, tried by the English, and burned at the stake by the French

(1337-1453) Between England and France, which eventually resulted in England's withdrawal from France

Series of royal monarchs under whom France became unified and became a major power on the European continent

Ruler of Castille, under whom Spain was united

Heir to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. His marriage to Isabella led to the unification of Spain in a single monarchy

Consequences for non-Christian Spaniards were tragic; consequences for the Spanish monarchy were huge (unified and energized, led to colonization)

Group of Mongols from the east, under Genghis Khan. They ruled a large chunk of Russia for two centuries, leading to a cultural rift and that further split Eastern and Western Europe

Ivan III declared himself this and expanded the Muscovy territory

Had centralized power over the entire Russian sphere, and ruled ruthlessly, using the secret police against his own nobles

Ruler of the T'ang Dynasty; expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea

China was reunified after the fall of the T'ang under this dynasty and its leader, Emperor Taizu

Established by the Mongols in China, and lasted less than a century

Established after the Mongols were driven from China; restored traditional Chinese rule

Under the T'ang Dynasty; independent countries including Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and various Central Asian tribes acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor and sent ambassadors to the city with gifts

Chinese ships, which were the best of their time

The first and only Empress of China after the death of her husband.

A woman's feet would be bound shortly after birth in an effort to keep them small

First important ruling family of Japan; first and only dynasty to rule Japan

"Way of the gods"; goal was to become part of the kami (nature and all forces of nature) through certain rituals and customs as well as obedience and proper behaviour

Borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms, which were modeled on the successes of the T'ang Dynasty

Prince Shotoku's reforms which were enacted after his death

One of the most powerful Japanese families in whom the real power had shifted to. The ostensible leader was the emperor. Japan experienced golden age under them; Japanese women and literature

Chief general; Japanese feudalism; ostensible power lay in emperor, but the real power lay in the shogun

Owners of large tracts of land (counterparts of European lords)

Strict code of conduct followed by Japanese samurai (similar to the code of chivalry in Europe)

Islamic invaders who set up shop in Delhi under the sultan

Stretched from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe

Small, independent empires of the Mongol Empire

Region of modern-day Russia under the Mongol Empire

Ruled Mongol China; Genghis Khan's grandson

Peaceful domain of the Mongols in conquered areas which existed after their ruthless conquests

Destroyed the Delhi Sultanate, but it was restored again and the Mongols left

Chinese were not allowed to do this under the Mongols, and instead kept their own identity

Converted to Christianity in the fourth century, and then many converted to Islam in the seventh century (illustrate that the people of this kingdom were constantly in contact with the Mediterranean world)

East coast of Africa which was populated by Bantu-speaking peoples who settled into the lives of farmers, merchants, and fishermen

One of the greatest Malian rulers, who built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom well beyond the bounds of Ghana

Songhai ruler who led the largest empire in West Africa

History and stories were passed from one generation to the next in African communities

Display Incan skill in building, stone cutting, and mining

Set of knotted strings used by the Incas for communication; they never developed a writing system

Initiated by Pope Urban in a response to the Seljuk Turks, who took control of the Holy Land

Native language

The Price; suggested that a monarchy should be distinct from the church and that a leader should act purely in self-interest of the state rather than on the basis of vague moral tenets

Frenchman who led a powerful Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination

Greatly influenced religious development in Scotland under John Knox, and in France with the growth of the Huguenots

Did not have a son as heir to his throne and sought to abandon his wife, Catherine of Aragon

Established by Henry VIII in order to solve "the king's problem"

Founded the society of Jesuits, which was influential in restoring faith in the teachings of Jesus as interpreted by the Catholic Church

Practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation

Series of meetings which reaffirmed Catholic dogma

Developed the heliocentric theory

Copernican model took off under him

Geocentric model; model which was sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church

A list of banned heretical works; Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World

Came from Portugal's royal family, who greatly financed exploration

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored East African kingdoms, and established trade relations in India

Established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal line that runs through the Western Atlantic Ocean; everything east of the line belonged to Portugal, everything west of the line belonged to Spain

He explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the continent was huge and not part of Asia; America was named after him

In 1513, he explored much of Central America for Spain, laid sight on the Pacific Ocean

In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe

In 1524, he explored the North American coast for France

In 1578, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England

Beginning in 1609, he sailed for the Dutch, looking for a North-west Passage to Asia. He explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch

Invented in China during the Han Dynasty, this allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size

Invented during the early Roman Empire, allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of wind

Sailors used this portable navigation device, developed in the Hellenic world, to help them find their way

Borrowed from the Chinese, this instrument of navigation allowed sailors to determine direction without staying in sight of land

Large ships employed significantly larger lateen sails and could hold provisions for longer journeys in their large cargo rooms

Landed on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, and found himself at the heart of the Aztec Empire

Aztec ruler who first mistook Cortes for a god

Set out in search of the Incas with 200 men

At the top of the encomienda system--Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies

People born in the colonies to Spanish parents

Those with European and Native American ancestry

Those with European and African ancestry

Governors who ran the Spanish empire and established the encomienda system

African slaves were forced to endure this route to the Americas

Made possible by new financing schemes that now form the basis of our modern economies

An organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors

English company that monopolized trade routes

Controlled routes to the Spice Islands

A country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported

The international importance of Spain grew under him--a Hapsburg

A family that originated in Austria and through a series of carefully arranged marriages, created a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain

Brother of Charles V, who gained control over Austria and the Holy Roman throne of Germany

Son of Charles V, who conferred the throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy (France), the Netherlands, as well as Spain's claims in the New World

Established the Act of Supremacy and established the Church of England

Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, who oversaw a golden age of the arts

1558-1603 boasted a commercial expansion and exploration and colonization of the New World

Came to power after the death of Elizabeth I, and attempted to institute reforms that brought together the crowns of England and Scotland, yet widespread problems persisted

Son of James I, who, out of desperation for money, signed the Petition of Right

Sat for twenty years and limited the absolute powers of the monarchy

Leader of the Roundheads who defeated Charles I

Oliver Cromwell was its leader

Title given to Cromwell during his reign of the Commonwealth

When Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy

Protects people from arrests without due process, signed by Charles II

James II was driven from power by Parliament, and was replaced by William and Mary

Signed by William and Mary after the Glorious Revolution, Protestant rulers

Issued Edict of Nantes

Created an environment of tolerance

Richelieu's successor

Played an important role as the chief advisor to the Bourbons

Appointed by Louis XIV to manage the royal funds (he was a mercantilist)

Ruled under divine right, and famously declared, "I am the State"

1701-1714 proved to be a disaster for the grand plans of France

Grandson of Louis XIV who was able to rule Spain

Intended to bring an end to the constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that engulfed the region during the Reformation and counter-reformation

Began when the Protestant territories of Bohemia challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor

The independence of small german states was affirmed, and Prussia became the strongest of them

Refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule

Peasant-soldiers who expanded Russian territories in the 16th-18th centuries well into Siberia and the Caspian Sea

One pretender to the throne would be killed by another pretender and yet another

Elected czar by the feudal lords--his dynasty added stability to the empire

Westernized Russia by building its first navy and founded his eponymous city

More enlightened policies of education and western culture were implemented in Russia

Founded the Ottoman Empire

Enslaved children by the Ottomans, who turned them into fighting warriors

Much of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire occurred during his reign--Istanbul became the center of the Islamic civilization

Built up Ottoman military and actively encouraged the development of the arts

Invaded India and defeated Delhi Sultanate, thereby establishing the Mughal Empire

Babur's grandson who was able to unify much of India by governing under a policy of religious toleration

Established by the Portuguese for the sole purpose of expanding their trade in slaves from the interior

King of Kongo who was especially successful at converting his people to Christianity

Chinese navigator who led fleets throughout southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, all the way to East Africa, a century before the Europeans did the same

A strict and rigid government that ruled Japan until 1868

Also known as the Tokugawa period

Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited most foreigners from visiting Japan

Japanese theater which gained popularity during the Edo period

Public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were closed by fences, which allowed for private farming and private gain

Natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture--cities grew

An inefficient, highly labor-intensive system in which cotton was woven into cloth in homes or small shops in Britain

Invented by John Kay, this sped up the weaving process

Invented by John Hargreaves, this was capable of spinning vast amounts of thread

Invented by Eli Whitney, this allowed massive amounts of cotton to be quickly processed in the Americas and exported to Europe

Improved by James Watt, this invention was revolutionary because steam could not only be used to generate power for industry, but also for transportation

Built by Robert Fulton

Built by George Stephenson

Invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse, this allowed people to communicate across great distances within seconds

Invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell

Invented in 1876 by Thomas Edison--allowed factories to run all night

Invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler

Invented in the 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi

Invented in 1903 by Orville and Wilbur Wright

Eli Whitney's system in which machines and their parts were produced uniformly so that they could be easily replaced when something broke down

Henry Ford's system in which each factory worker added only one part to a finished product, one after another

Wrote that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership

Capitalism; Smith argued would best meet the needs and desires of individuals as a whole

When governments remove themselves entirely from regulation

German economist and philosopher who spent a good part of his adult life in poverty, pointed out that the factory workers had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism

Result of impact of Marxism

Vehicles through which thousands of employees bargained for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory

Limited the hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories, and required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner

The ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next--became more commonplace during the second half of the 19th century

Successfully gave women the right to vote in 1920 (United States) and 1928 (Britain)

Applied Charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology

Summed up Social Darwinism in his poem "White Man's Burden"

Joint-stock company that operated like a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over British trade with India

Raised an effective army that ridded the Indian subcontinent of the French

Last of the Mughal rulers who was sent into exile, thereby ending the Mughal Empire for good--Queen Victoria was Empress of India

Formed by well-educated Indians, and would begin the path toward independence

Britain and China fought a war over opium trade in the first of these wars

China was forced to sign the first of what became known as the "unequal treaties," by which Britain was given considerable rights to expand trade with China

Led by Buddhists who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption

Led by a religious zealot claiming to be the brother of Jesus, recruited an army nearly a million strong and nearly succeeded in bringing down the Manchu government

Manchu Dynasty tried to get its act together in the 1860s

Chinese lost control of Vietnam to the French, who established a colony there called French Indochina

Japan defeated China in this war, and became a rising imperial power

China was forced to hand over control of Taiwan and grant the Japanese trading rights similar to those it had granted the Europeans

Not quite colonies, but were areas in which the European powers invested heavily, built military bases, and set up business, transportation, and communication operations

United States pledged its support of the sovereignty of the Chinese government and announced equal trading privileges among all imperial powers

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists organized with other groups in response to the Manchu government's defeats and concessions to the Western powers and Japan

China was forced to sign this, which demanded that China not only pay the Europeans and Japanese the costs associated with the rebellion, but also to formally apologize for it as well

Came from the United States to Japan in a steamboat, something the Japanese had never seen before and shocked them into realizing that their isolation had resulted in their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world

West won concessions from Japan through treaties such as this, as they grossly favored the United States and other countries

Ushered in an era of Japanese westernization, after which Japan emerged as a world power

Victorious Japan kicked Russia out of Manchuria and established its own sphere of influence there--Japan was now not just an imperial power, but also a world power

When the Boers discovered diamonds and gold in the Transvaal, the British quickly followed, fighting a series of wars for the rights to the resources--British reigned supreme, and all of South Africa was annexed as part of the British Empire

Educated South Africans formed this in an effort to oppose European colonialism and specific South African policies

Defeated French and Ottomans, and gained control of Egypt--although it was technically still part of the Ottoman Empire, this viceroy wielded almost exclusive control

Grandson of Muhammad Ali, under whom Ali's westernization attempts were temporarily halted, but later reinvigorated under subsequent rulers

Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, eliminating the need to go around the Cape of Good Hope--because the British had a huge colony in India, this became more important to the British than anyone else

Essentially a colony, except the local people remained in political power

Seven Years' War; British victory changed the boundaries of the two empires' worldwide possessions, pushing French territory to the north while English territories expanded westward into the Ohio River valley

Passed very unpopular laws on behalf of the British crown

Intended to raise additional funds for the British crown

In his pamphlet "Common Sense," he assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on Americans' natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better government

Governing body that hadn't met for 175 years, but called by Louis XVI in order to raise taxes

The Third Estate declared themselves this

Adopted by the National Assembly--a document recognizing natural rights and based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Under the new constitution, this was the new governing body, and it quickly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

Radicals who led the Convention to imprison the royal family and behead the king for treason

The Convention threw out the constitution and created this, an all-powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies

This man and the Jacobins led the Committee of Public Safety

Five-man government established by France

This man returned to France and used his reputation and immense popularity to overthrow the Directory, and legitimized his actions by putting them before a popular vote, and once affirmed, he declared himself the First Consul under the new constitution

Recognized the equality of French citizens (meaning men), and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas that had served as the original inspiration for many of the revolutionaries

Principal members of the coalition against Napoleon

Allies united against their common threat, and defeated Napoleon, and sent him into exile

Allies decided what to do with France and its territories during this meeting

Former slave who led a violent, but ultimately successful slave revolt against the French in Haiti

L'Ouverture's lieutenant who proclaimed Haiti a free republic and named himself governor-general for life

Helped establish a national congress, which declared independence from Spain

Supporters of the Spanish crown

Gained freedom due to Bolivar--included modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela

Began to put his extensive military experience to use for the rebels, and took command of Argentinian armies

Portuguese king who fled to Brazil and set up his royal court in exile

Son of John VI, who declared Brazilian independence and crowned himself emperor

Son of Pedro, who reformed Brazilian society in many ways and turned it into a major exporter of coffee, and also abolished slavery

Creole priest who sympathized with those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism, led a revolt against Spanish rule

Picked up where Hidalgo left off, and led the revolutionaries to further successes against the loyalists

Spain was forced to recognize that its 300-year domination of Latin America was coming to an end

King of Sardinia--believed strongly in Italian unification

Prime minister of Victor Emmanuel--also believed strongly in Italian unification

Italian nationalist who raised a volunteer army and drove Spain from the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

New king of Prussia

Prime minister of William I, who was appointed with the aim of building the military and consolidating the region under his authority

Consolidated the German Catholic regions under Prussian control

Forced Bismarck to resign and re-established authority as the emperor--oversaw the rise of Germany into one of the most powerful nations in the world

Began some reforms in Russia, long after the Enlightenment had an effect on most developments in the West

Essentially abolished serfdom, but did little good

All Russians, including people in the far-flung reaches of the Empire that did not share a cultural history with most of Russia, were expected to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

Moderates marched on the czar's palace in a peaceful protest, an attempt to encourage him to enact Enlightened reforms, but Nicholas II felt threatened and ordered his troops to fire on the protestors

Prime minister appointed by Czar Nicholas II in order to enact legislative reforms

A body intended to represent the Russian people, but every time it was critical of the czar, he disbanded it

It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention

Provided that the United States would intervene in financial disputes between European powers and countries in the Americas, if doing so would help to maintain peace

United States incited Panamanians to declare their independence from Colombia, so that the US could negotiate their right to build this

Conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence

Created by Bismarck--comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Friendly agreement between Britain, France, and Russia

His death marked the beginning of WWI

Member of the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist, who shot and killed the Archduke and his wife

Alliance between the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Austria-Hungary

Britain, France, Russia, Japan

Focus on internal affairs--the United States in the beginning of WWI

A secret message sent between German diplomats suggesting that Mexico might want to join forces with Germany and thereby regain the territory it had lost to the United States in the Mexican-American war of 1846--it was intercepted by the United States

Brought an official end to WWI

Established by President Wilson--focused on achieving future peace and a workable balance of power

A joint council of nations called upon in Wilson's Fourteen Points

Forced to abdicate his throne in 1917, thereby ending the rule of the Romanov Dynasty

A provisional government was established under him during the Russian Revolution

Local councils in Russia

Socialist party in Russia

Issued by Lenin, which demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets

Armistice between Russia and Germany, which ceded a huge part of western Russia to Germany, so Russia dropped out of WWI

Military force under Leon Trotsky, created by the Bolsheviks

Ataturk; led successful military campaigns against the Greeks, and then overthrew the Ottoman sultan

Instituted by Lenin--it had some capitalistic aspects, such as allowing farmers to sell portions of their grain for their own profit

Instituted by Stalin, who felt that the NEP was too slow--called for expedient agricultural production by ruthlessly taking over private farms and combining them into state-owned enterprises (collectivization)

Murders between 1936 and 1938 by Stalin's government

Instigated by the U.S. stock market crash in 1929

Political ideology in which the will of the individual ought to be destroyed in favor of "the people"

Squads paid by Mussolini's party in order to fight socialist and communist organizations

Fairly conservative democratic republic that Germany was after WWI

Weimar Republic's elected body

Took control of large parts of Spain--led to the defeat of democracy

Hitler continued his policy of restoring Germany to its former world-power status by taking this region back--it had been taken away after WWI

Hitler, Mussolini, and Chamberlain--Hitler was given the Sudetenland, without the consent of Czechoslovakia, in return for the promise to cease his expansionist activities

Policy used by Chamberlain during the Munich Conference

Stalin and Hitler agreed that Germany would not invade the Soviet Union if the Soviets stayed out of Germany's military affairs--the countries also determined how Eastern Europe would be divided among them

Japan invaded Manchuria and established a colony there, renaming it this

Pact against communism, signed by Japan and Germany

Replaced Britain's more diplomatically minded Chamberlain

Massive air bombing campaign launched in 1940 by Hitler, when Churchill refused to cut a deal with Germany

Japan entered this with Rome and Berlin, thereby ensuring worldwide implications for a war that had been two regional wars

Japanese bombing of a US naval station in Hawaii, to which the US declared war against Japan, and Germany declared war against the US

Development of an atomic bomb

English, American, and Canadian forces launched their biggest offensive landing on the French beaches of Normandy

Ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Truman authorized the dropping of a second bomb on this city when the Japanese vowed to fight on--this brought an end to WWII

Billions of dollars of American money made available for reconstruction, in order to help the rebuilding effort after WWII

First international organization established to replace the League of Nations

Allied conferences in which Germany and other parts of Eastern Europe were divided into temporary spheres of influence, each to be occupied and rebuilt by respective members of the Allied forces

The Soviets wanted all of Berlin to be within its control, so they cut off land access to Berlin from the west

Western retaliation to the Berlin Blockade, in which food and fuel were flown in to the "trapped" western half of the city

East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary became part of the Eastern bloc

Western Europe, including Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece and Turkey

Policy used in the Truman Doctrine

United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers

Military alliance of mutual defense for the Western bloc

Military alliance of the Eastern bloc--response to NATO

Churchill called the line between the East and West this, because Western influence couldn't penetrate it, and Easterners were rarely allowed to go to the Western bloc

Sun Yat-sen; nationalism, socialism, and democracy

Sun Yat-sen's political party, dedicated to his own goals

Sun Yat-sen's successor, who established the KMT as the ruling party of China for a while

Rallied millions of peasants in northern China and swept towards KMT strongholds, eventually driving them out

Established by the KMT after Mao in Taiwan

Mainland China

Huge communes were created as a way of catapulting the revolution toward its goal of a Marxist state

Discourage anything approaching a privileged ruling class, as it existed in the West as well as among the Soviet communist elite

Changed the education policy in China and began to focus on restructuring the economic policies after the Cultural Revolution

One million demonstrators converged here, calling for democratic reform

Led the UN forces in aid for South Korea

Nationalists who fought the French in their colony of Indochina

Communist leader of the land north of the 17th parallel

Vietnamese leader of the democratic south

Communist fighters in Vietnam who eventually took control of the south

United States remained involved in Cuban affairs, and this also provided for the presence of US military bases

United States supported this dictatorship in Cuba, which continued the policies that benefited the welathy landowners

Led a peasant uprising to the Batista regime

Success against Batista

Authorized by Kennedy; failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961

Standoff that occurred after Kennedy made it clear to the world that if missiles were to be launched from Cuba, the United States would retaliate against the Soviet Union itself

Guerilla fighters in Nicaragua and El Salvador

Economies of Latin America--reliance on products that has resulted in weak domestic economies and tremendous debt

Polish movement under Lech Walesa, in which thousands of workers joined a strike for reform of the communist economic system

Openness

Restructuring of the Soviet economy

Nationalistic movements within Yugoslavia led to this, in which Bosnian and Albanian Muslims were raped and slaughtered by Christian Serbians

Russia's first president who resigned, and was succeeded by Putin

Founded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to advance the causes of Islamic Indians

General in the Egyptian army who overthrew the king and established a republic

A political and economic confederation formed to replace the Organization of African Unity--53 of Africa's 54 nations belong to this

15% of Rwandan population

85% of the Rwandan population

After this, the ANC supported guerrilla warfare

Explicitly stated the right for a home in Palestine for the Jewish people, but also stated that it should in no way displace the Palestinians who currently lived there

Anti-Semitic mobs

First prime minister of Israel

Muslims from six Arab countries attacked Israel in this war--shortly after the announcement of Israel's creation--Israelis won

Israelis took control of the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights--Israelis won

Signed by Sadat and Begin--agreement that did not mention Golan Heights, Syria, or Lebanon, but which led to Israel pulling out the Sinai and Egypt becoming the only Arab country yet to recognize Israel's right to exist

"Uprising"--movement that sometimes uses terrorism against Israeli citizens in an attempt to either destroy Israel or force it into withdrawal from the occupied territories

Approved the construction of a wall to be built between the Palestinian West Bank and Israel in order to protect Israelis against suicide attacks

Palestinian president who quickly signed a cease-fire with Israel that effectively ended the intifada

Rose to power by ousting the then-ruling shah, who had allowed Persia to fall under European spheres of influence--he decided that the best way to beat the Westernizers was to join them

Shah was ousted by power, and replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini

Iraq invaded Iran following a series of border disputes--neither side gained much until a cease-fire was signed

The West sent forces to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait

China created these, which were exempt from the strict controls of communism