AP World History Chapter 27 and 28 test

(1279-1368) nomadic Mongol warriors; ignored chinese political and cultural traditions and displaced chinese bureaucrats in favor of turkish, persian, and other foreign administrators.

restored native rule to china; hongwu drove mongols out and rebuilt state; followed yuan dynasty (1368-1644); pirates and smugglers dominated east coast of china and ming defenses were ineffective

caused government corruption and inefficiency; very powerful; factor in ming decline

along the norther border of china; sought by the ming to protect their realm; long, defensive wall, originally built by qin; rebuilt and repaired by ming to prevent northern invasions

allied with peasants to overthrow ming dynasty; (1644 - 1911) invaders fro manchuria

originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military; ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with chinese; invaded by manchus

ruled 1661- 1722; confucian scholar; enlightened ruler; conquered taiwan, extended to mongolia, central asia, and tibet

sophisticated poet and artist; vietnam, burma, and nepal made vassal states of china; china was prosperous and powerful under his rule

emperor was considered this; heavenly powers and obligations to maintain order on the earth; privelaged life and very powerful

very competitive; few chosen for government positions; created meritocracy with best students running empire; wealthy families had advantage over poor; confucian curriculum fostered common values

female infanticide: widows were encouraged to commit suicide; part of strict patriarchal control over females

foot binding of young girls increased; tightly constrained and deformed by strips of linen, girls' feet were bound to demonstrate wealth and ability to support women

financed by emperor yongle; eunich admiral that led maritime expeditions; led treasure ships through indian ocean; intimidated local authorities and made chin'as presence felt throughout indian ocean basin

supported educational programs; funded hanlin academy (research institute for confucian scholars); maintained provincial schools throughout china where students could study for civil service exams

jesuits were respectful of chinese tradition, but won very few converts; chinese had problems with exclusivity of christianity (christianity implied that confucianism, daoism, and buddhism were inferior to christianity).

muslim religious warriors; they flocked to join the ottomans; ottoman military leaders initially organized ghazi recruits in two forces: light cavalry and volunteer infantry

king or ruler of muslim state or country

high official in muslim countries, especially in turkey under ottoman rule

those who became soldiers in the ottoman empire; christian boys were taken fro families, converted to islam, and trained to serve the sultan

autonomous religious communities that retained civil laws, traditions, and languages

tax paid by christians and jews who lived in muslim communities to allow them continue to practice their own religion

heart of istanbul; housed government officials and meeting places for imperial councils; at its core was the sultan's residence

took control of ottoman empire; best known for conquering constantinople and renaming it istanbul

ottoman sultan (1512-1520) expansion in asia and europe; helped ottomans become naval power, challenged christian vessels throughout mediterranean; exacted murder on 2 of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent a civil war

a belief that there were 12 infallible imam after muhammad; the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion

ancient persian imperial title given to ismail

capitol of safavid empire; encouraged trade with other lands and reformed administrative and military instiututions of the empire

best known shah; centralized the government and created a powerful military force similar to the janissaries of the ottoman; used a mix of peace and war against ottomans; reduced taxes and encouraged growth of industry

policy established by akbar that he hoped would reduce tensions between hindu and muslim communities in india.

nonviolent religious group that blended buddhism, hinduism, and sufism

extravagant mausoleum at agra built by the mogul emperor shah jahan in memory of his favorite wife

transformed early modern warfare and safavids and mughals also incorporated gunpowder weapons into their arsenals

along with french east india co. and dutch VOC, traded actively with safavids; sent military advisers to introduce gunpowder weapons to safavid armed forces and provided a navy to help them reatake hormuz

a chaghatai turk who claimed descent from chinggis khan and tamerlane who was an adventurer in northern india

most illustrious sultan of the mughal empire in india; expanded the empire and pursued policy of conciliation with hindus

mughal emperor in india and great grandson of akbar; decentralized the government