AP World History: The Transformation of the West

author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance

focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance circa 1450 [Italian Renaissance began circa 1400]; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages

king of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman Emperor

introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets

originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married

family group consisting of a mother and father and all their children, contrasting to the extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations

German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church

general wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious beliefs

form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe to North America

prior determination of those who would be saved [by God]; Calvinism insisted on God's predestination (prior determination) of those who would be saved

restatement of original Catholic beliefs in response in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs

a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work [regained some parts of Europe for the church]; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions [faction- a group of people forming a minority within a larger body, especially a dissentious group]

war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and [against] the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with the Treaty of Westphalia; lasted from 1618-1648

ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, [it was a] product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

reflected new resentments against the poor (who were often accused of witchcraft by communities unwilling to accept responsibility for their poverty); resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas; unprecedented outburst against suspected witches arose in various parts of western Europe and also in New England (located in North America)

culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advance associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages

Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was at the center of the universe

published Copernicus' findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work

English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, [and the] function of heart as [a] pump

established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate [it] once process was begun

English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through [the] senses and reason; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants

concept of government during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies

French monarch of the late 17th century who personalized absolute monarchy

economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy

intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations [book], 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women