Ap World History Ch. 6 Terms

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.

Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashin clan of Quryash tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and there after; died in 632

First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.

Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity

Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims

The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj

Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset

A Muslim's pyramid to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.

Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam

Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith; holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith

A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party

Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali

Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.

Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali

Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate

the chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital. they ruled from ad 661 to ad 750

Non-Arab converts to Islam

Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories

Literally "People of the Book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus

Traditions of the prophet Muhammad

Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.

Victory of Abbasidsover Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire.

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.