AP Art History Period 5 Americas Free Essay Example from StudyTiger

CODE N: Name D; Date A: Artist M: Materials / Media P: Patron O: Original Location T: Technique F: Function C: Context DT: Descriptive terms M or Mn: Meaning

What is the identifying information for Chavín de Huántar?

Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900-200 B.C. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry) https://o.quizlet.com/GqLaZT6dnFI9suUs-gE0ZA_m.png

How did the Chavin culture influence later civilizations, and in what region did it develop?

The Chavin culture of South America represents the first period of civilization in this region, known as the Early Horizon. The Chavin culture is among the earliest extensive civilizations. It was once thought of as the "mother culture" to later Andean civilizations, but now it is understood to be the culmination of at least 2,000 years of prior cultural development from multiple sources. https://o.quizlet.com/AT5et2DMaJXazSS6txiNJg_m.png

What is the significance of the nose rings made by Chavin culture?

Chavin iconology spread throughout the region, at least 300 miles to the south as well as far to the north, and their metal-smithing was spread through portable works, such as this piece of jewelry (nose ring). Nose rings were signs of status, and the larger the ring, the higher the status of the individual who wore it. https://o.quizlet.com/Ecrna-gS7jTHWNBpvUVT9g_m.png

What is the significance of the lanzon from Chavin de Huantar?

It is named the lanzon because of the lance-like sculpture it contains, shown here, which is covered in the shallow, incised lines characteristic of the relief sculpture of Chavin de Huantar. https://o.quizlet.com/thDY0KivM9UF.zSDliniYg_m.png

What is the characteristic features of Chavin sculpture?

The temple at Chavin de Huantar is known for its many stone carvings, which include depictions of composite creatures: combining feline, reptilian, avian, and human forms. They are generally sculpted in low relief, using shallow incised lines, as shown in the example above https://o.quizlet.com/AT5et2DMaJXazSS6txiNJg_m.png

What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán Structure 33?

Yaxchilán Structure 33. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex). https://o.quizlet.com/05.8tug54cCpahPEW0SsHg_m.png

How was structure 33 at Yaxchilan oriented, and why?

Both Structure 33 and 40 were oriented toward the summer solstice rising sun. In this direction, the sun would rise and illuminate the interior through the entrances. And in the case of Structure 33, would illuminate the only in-the-round sculpture, a twice life-sized seated figure of the ruler, Bird Jaguar IV contained there. https://o.quizlet.com/05.8tug54cCpahPEW0SsHg_m.png

What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán, Structure 40?

Yaxchilán, Structure 40. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex). https://o.quizlet.com/sG4-b.ttI0mWuXKDVDhHOQ_m.png

How is the exterior of structure 40 at Yaxchilan designed, and what purpose did it serve?

Its façade contains three horizontal registers, the main building, the frieze, and the roof comb. It celebrates Bird Jaguar IV's accession to the throne. https://o.quizlet.com/sG4-b.ttI0mWuXKDVDhHOQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán Lintel 25?

Yaxchilán Lintel 25, Structure 23. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex). https://o.quizlet.com/NIzYk5ydcqhWpjdC.q-kLQ_m.png

What does the image on Lintel 25, from structure 23 portray?

This limestone lintel is the second in a series of three panels from Structure 23 at Yaxchilán, which was originally set above the central doorway. In this lintel, Lady Xoc (Lady Xook or Lady Xok) is depicted having a vision of her ancestor emerging from the mouth of a serpent. https://o.quizlet.com/NIzYk5ydcqhWpjdC.q-kLQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Mesa Verde cliff dwellings?

Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450-1300 AD. Sandstone https://o.quizlet.com/Ik7y.hilSpIail0CSkj0aQ_m.png

Why did the Ancestral Puebloan culture migrate to the region of Mesa Verde?

The Ancestral Puebloan culture thrived and built many structures throughout southwest North America, gradually moving to areas with more water because of drought in the southern regions. Mesa Verde, in Colorado, is one of the structures built in response to the problems of drought in other areas https://o.quizlet.com/Ik7y.hilSpIail0CSkj0aQ_m.png

What are some of the structural characteristics of Mesa Verde?

There are over 200 rooms in the Cliff Palace, with the rectangular rooms generally for communal dwellings, and made of stone and clay and stuccoed with adobe inside and out. The homes were generally communal residences, rather than single-family dwellings. The over a dozen circular structures in the front are kivas, which were originally covered with a flat roof and accessed via a ladder entering from a small opening at the top. https://o.quizlet.com/Ik7y.hilSpIail0CSkj0aQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Great Serpent Mound?

Great Serpent Mound. Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 AD. Earthwork/effigy mound https://o.quizlet.com/1HqDw6yI2JMEPc7cSx1oKQ_m.png

What is the scale and shape of the Great Serpent Mound?

The Great Serpent Mound, which measures nearly a quarter of a mile long, and includes a tightly coiled tail and an open mouth, is an effigy mound of the woodlands culture known as the Mississippian. https://o.quizlet.com/1HqDw6yI2JMEPc7cSx1oKQ_m.png

What was the significance of the serpent symbol is Mississippian culture?

Serpents were important in the iconography (symbolism) of the Mississippian culture, who strongly associated snakes with the earth and fertility. https://o.quizlet.com/1HqDw6yI2JMEPc7cSx1oKQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?

Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone). https://o.quizlet.com/grslnVtLvZK69hotcRxHEw_m.png

What was the size and significance of the city, Tenochtitlan?

The city of Tenochtitlan was among the largest cities in the world at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1521, with as many as 200,000 inhabitants, and it was the capital of the Aztec Empire. https://o.quizlet.com/grslnVtLvZK69hotcRxHEw_m.png

Where within the city of Tenochtitlan was the Templo Mayor located?

The Templo Mayor (Main Temple) in Tenochtitlan was located in the center of the city, called the Sacred Precinct, which was where the most important ritual and ceremonial activities in Aztec life took place. The Templo Mayor stood about ninety feet high, consisting of two stepped pyramids rising side by side on a large platform. https://o.quizlet.com/grslnVtLvZK69hotcRxHEw_m.png

What is the identifying information for Calendar Stone?

Calendar Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. basalt. https://o.quizlet.com/Z2EsuaIQ2OdpDn8poR31fw_m.png

What is portrayed on the Calendar stone?

The Calendar Stone is also known as the Sun Stone, and depicts the Aztec sun god in the center, with claws extending outward. Along one of the rings, symbols for the sacred calendar are included. Other information provided on the stone includes creation myths for the five world creations that were believed to have taken place, and additional calendar symbols. https://o.quizlet.com/Z2EsuaIQ2OdpDn8poR31fw_m.png

What is the identifying information for Coyolxauhqui Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?

Coyolxauhqui Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. volcanic stone. https://o.quizlet.com/R8d0Ge2ApAD-QS1dlgjyxQ_m.png

What is portrayed on the Coyolxauhqui stone?

On the stone is represented the moon goddess, Coyolxauhqui (she of the golden bells), who was also the sister to the primary Aztec god of war and the sun (whose name was Huitzilopochtli and had the form of a hummingbird). She has been dismembered by Huitzilopochtli because she and 400 of their siblings sought to kill their mother (Coatilcue: she of the serpent skirt). According to the legend, Huitzilopochtli killed all his siblings and dismembered his sister as punishment at the hill of Tula, which was represented by the pyramid temple (Templo Mayor), https://o.quizlet.com/R8d0Ge2ApAD-QS1dlgjyxQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Olmec-style mask;Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?

Olmec-style mask;Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. jadeite https://o.quizlet.com/TKbQ5TPQJ-s9-lSE1sBqgw_m.png

How does the Olmec mask relate to the Templo Mayor complex in Tenochtitlan?

The Olmec mask was made over a thousand years prior to the Aztec culture, and its burial in Templo Mayor suggests that the Aztec found it precious and perhaps historically significant. This mask shows the traditional Olmec style, with downward curving mouth and almond-shaped eyes. Thousands of objects were buried in connection with the Templo Mayor as ritual caches or deposits. https://o.quizlet.com/TKbQ5TPQJ-s9-lSE1sBqgw_m.png

What is the identifying information for Ruler's feather headdress?

Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 AD. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold https://o.quizlet.com/DnnYheA46OYWNHilCpxDKA_m.png

Who made ruler's feather headdresses?

These were made by special "feather workers" who lived in a special place in the palace and were valued for their ability to create these works. After the Spanish conquest, many of these artisans were employed creating items with Christian iconography, such as chalice covers. https://o.quizlet.com/DnnYheA46OYWNHilCpxDKA_m.png

What is the identifying information for City of Cusco?

City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite https://o.quizlet.com/mqtG6tRKbHARydw6FCvgQg_m.png

What information is available concerning the original City of Cusco?

Most of the information available today on the city of Cusco has been gleaned from somewhat contradictory Spanish sources. The majority of the city was destroyed in the Spanish conquest. https://o.quizlet.com/mqtG6tRKbHARydw6FCvgQg_m.png

What is the identifying information for Qorikancha, City of Cusco?

City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent),. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite https://o.quizlet.com/wRDGmI4r28XUxxwgREcFRQ_m.png

What is the significance of the Qorikancha, and how was it constructed?

One Inka building that survives in part is the Temple of the Sun, or Qorikancha, which was built using ashlar masonry, fitting stones in horizontal rows, and even creating curved walls that seem to be a single form. Some of the stones had many sides in order to fit into the shapes of the stones surrounding it, all ground down to fit precisely. This process uses no mortar, but fits the stones together tightly without any bonding agent. https://o.quizlet.com/wRDGmI4r28XUxxwgREcFRQ_m.png

What is the identifying information for Walls at Saqsa Waman?

City of Cusco, Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite https://o.quizlet.com/pyTGm-lPkMt6HLRCUzIG0w_m.png

What is the significance of the walls at Saqsa Waman?

To the Incas, it was the House of the Sun, while the Conquistadors saw it as a fortress because of its zig-zag shape. It was made up of three platforms one on top of the other, and it was a very important religious complex. https://o.quizlet.com/pyTGm-lPkMt6HLRCUzIG0w_m.png

What is the identifying information for Maize cobs?

Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440-1533 AD. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys https://o.quizlet.com/2NIydouDZqA94nXFvpt21A_m.png

What was the likely purpose for the Inka Maize Cobs?

It is likely that these small-scale naturalistic metallic offerings like the silver maize cobs were common in ritual practices that supported state religion and government, since similar offerings have been found across Inka territories. https://o.quizlet.com/2NIydouDZqA94nXFvpt21A_m.png

What is the identifying information for City of Machu Picchu?

City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450-1540 AD. Granite https://o.quizlet.com/uhQfs7a7RsQSVMUXeZhyBQ_m.png

Where is Machu Picchu located, and what is its significance?

Machu Picchu is approximately 50 miles north of Cuzco, a naturally fortified site that is not even visible from the Urubamba river 1,600 feet below, it is perched on a ridge between two jagged peaks that rise 9,000 feet above sea level. It was built as a royal estate for the first Inka emperor, Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui https://o.quizlet.com/uhQfs7a7RsQSVMUXeZhyBQ_m.png

What role did the observatory serve in Machu Picchu?

The Observatory was beside the royal residence, which highlighted the connections between the elites, religious ritual, and astronomical observation, including the emperor's divine status as a descendent of the sun and the sun himself. https://o.quizlet.com/iSE16t9wutie0Lk.A.QO7A_m.png

What is the meaning of the Intihuatana stone?

The Intihuatana means "hitching post of the sun" which refers to the idea that this stone was used to track the passage of the sun throughout the year. https://o.quizlet.com/OI8UYrO-4RDNOjP7p-TknA_m.png

What is the identifying information for All-T'oqapu tunic?

All-T'oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450-1540 AD. Camelid fiber and cotton https://o.quizlet.com/gW1btc50JpIKAIlqtGHj4w_m.png

What was the role of textiles in Inka culture?

Finely-made textiles from the best materials were objects of high status among nearly all Andean cultures, even more valuable than gold or gems. The All-T'oqapu Tunic is an example of the height of Andean textile production and its integral connection to Inka power and aesthetic values. https://o.quizlet.com/gW1btc50JpIKAIlqtGHj4w_m.png

What is the identifying information for Bandolier bag?

Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 AD. Beadwork on leather https://o.quizlet.com/mWGtvqOCrOewOBY.hjjeAw_m.png

What is the origin of Bandolier bags?

Bandolier bags were highly valued works of art throughout the Eastern and Midwestern tribes of North America. There is no certainty about the origins of this art form, but many believe it to be a combined influence of native bags made of woven fibers and the ammunition bags used by Euro-American militaries. https://o.quizlet.com/mWGtvqOCrOewOBY.hjjeAw_m.png

What is the identifying information for Painted elk hide?

Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming.

c. 1890-1900 AD. Painted elk hide

https://o.quizlet.com/w62yDVecYjG7SX27yuHE8g_m.png

Who was the artist of the Painted Elk Hide, and what was his likely inspiration for creating this work?

Hide paintings served as visual records, which worked in tandem with oral traditions. Cotsiogo likely painted this work after being moved to the reservation, so its depiction of a buffalo hunt was painted for tourists, and the sale of this work would have helped to support him financially in his new and difficult situation. He painted other works in a similar style, as well https://o.quizlet.com/w62yDVecYjG7SX27yuHE8g_m.png

What is the identifying information for Transformation mask?

(Closed) Transformation mask. Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century AD. Wood, paint, and string https://o.quizlet.com/z8bdkAxV4SARyGbhRPmYfg_m.png

What role did transformation masks serve, and what does this work symbolize in its open and closed formats?

Masks of the northwest coast were often used in healing rituals. Men also used them in public performances during the winter ceremonial season. The subjects are taken from the oral traditions of the culture, including the mythological origins of the elite families. This mask was likely meant to be seen in flickering light, and constructed it to be opened and closed through the use of a string, part of the symbolism and meaning of the performance, converting from an eagle in its closed form, and a man when open https://o.quizlet.com/fcDePDThhdn10r6A84030w_m.png

What is the identifying information for Black-on-black ceramic vessel?

Black-on-black ceramic vessel.

Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century AD. Blackware ceramic

https://o.quizlet.com/BcYKCOazFmRh1PtuWaYMNw_m.png

What are some of the innovations and traditions present in the production of Black-on-black ceramics?

Men and women have traditionally made different art objects among Native American cultures, with women in the Pueblo cultures often working in the media of clay and ceramics. Yet Maria Martinez had help from her husband to paint her numerous works because the demand was so high that she could not produce enough to fill the demand. She completed the coiling, slipping, burnishing, and firing. They based their designs on traditional design, but also created this new technique, black-on-black ware around 1920, making their whole pueblo famous. https://o.quizlet.com/BcYKCOazFmRh1PtuWaYMNw_m.png

Chavin de Huantar

Form: City

Function: religious capital

Content: Temple was 60 meters tall adorned by a jaguar sculpture, a symbol of power; hidden entrance to the temple led to stone corridors

Context: 900-200 BCE, Peru

Period/culture: Chavin

https://o.quizlet.com/UE3KVoQbDDJJotRDhPABuA_m.jpg

Lanzon Stone

Form: granite

Function: served as a cult figure

Content: Inside the Old Temple of Chavin there is a maze-like system of hallways; At the center is the Lanzon stone; Fifteen feet tall; blade shaped; Depicts a powerful figure that is part human (body) and part animal (claws and fangs); head of snakes and face of jaguar; eyebrows terminate in snakes; flat relief with curvilinear pattern; venter of pilgrimage but few had access; Possible acted as an oracle.

Context: 900-200 BC

Period/Culture: Chavin

https://o.quizlet.com/OQJkwwuvKagLkDyHpe7vGg_m.png

Relief Sculpture

Form: Granite

Function: Art for art's sake

Content: shows jaguar in shallow relief; located on ruins of a stairway at Chavin

Context: 900-200 BC

Period/Culture: Chavin

https://o.quizlet.com/6wdej01UndWSLhtgdjg4dw_m.jpg

Nose Ornament

Form: gold alloy

Function: makes the wearer into supernatural being during ceremonies

Content: worn by males and females under the nose; held in place by the semi-circular section at top; two snake heads at either end

Context: 900-200 BC

Period/Culture: Chavin

https://o.quizlet.com/LDNv10tPc4SUK51TWjKLbA_m.jpg

Yaxchilan

Form: limestone

Function: Mayan city

Content: set on high terrace; plaza surrounded by important buildings

Context: 725 AD

Period/culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/DgIIERNNR6VQ.ykdYxqjhQ_m.jpg

Structure 40

Form: limestone

Function: Building

Content: Built by ruler Bird Jaguar IV or his son who dedicated it to him; overlooks the main plaza; Three doors lead to central room decorated with stucco; Roof remains nearly intact with large comb roof corbel arch interior

Context: 725 AD; Yaxchilan

Period/culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/mlMm8N0e9nf3fXt5VNjCHA_m.jpg

Lintel 25, Structure 23

Form: limestone

Function: Narrative

Content: Set above doorway of structure 23; dedicated to Lady Xoc; Lady Xoc invoking the Vision Serpent to commemorate her husband's rise to the throne; Holds a bowl with bloodletting ceremonial items: stinging spine and bloodstain paper; Vision serpent has 2 heads (one with warrior emerging from mouth, other has war god, Tlaloc; Inscription written as mirror image (unusual in Mayan script with uncertain meaning; She is acting as an intercessor?)

Context: 725 AD, Yaxchilan

Period/culture: mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/AQNVsFN79.OhvCfUcUxbXw_m.jpg

Structure 33

Form: limestone

Function: Temple

Content: remains of roof comb with perforations; three central doorways lead to a large single room; corbel arch interior

Context: 725 AD Yaxchilan

Period/Culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/05.8tug54cCpahPEW0SsHg_m.png

Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings

Form: Sandstone

Function: Anasazi City

Content: Pueblos built into sides of the cliff (housed around 250 people); Clans moved together for support and defense; Top-ledge stores supplies (cool dry area accessible only by ladder and out of the way); Plaza in front of adobe structure; kivas face the plaza; each family received one room in the dwelling; Farming done on plateau above pueblo (everything had to be imported including water)

Context: 450-1300 AD

Period/culture: Anasazi

https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4097/4848092987_15ea4770ef_m.jpg

Great Serpent Mound

Form: earthwork

Function: Could be a representation of Halley's comet in 1066

Content: Many mounds were enlarged and changed over years; Effigy mounds popular in Mississippian culture; influenced by comets or other astrological phenomenon? Head pointed to summer solstice sunset? Rattlesnake as symbol of Mississippian iconography; snakes associated with crop fertility; no burials or temples associated with this mound;

Context: c. 1070 Ohio

Period/culture: Mississippian

https://o.quizlet.com/i/Pb1LFq8I-HDX3pZf5eJ5sw_m.jpg

Temple Mayor

Form: Stone

Function: Main Temple

Content: Tenochtitlan laid out as a grid; city seen as center of the world; Two temples atop pyramid; each has separate staircase; North: dedicated to Tlaloc, god of rain/agriculture; South: dedicated to Huitzilopochtli: god of sun and war; Spring and Autumn equinoxes: sun rises between the two; large braziers put on top where sacrifices burned; Temples begun in 1375 and rebuilt 6 times; destroyed in 1520 by Spanish

Context: 1375-1520 Tenochtitlan

Period/Culture: Aztec

https://o.quizlet.com/oLl2nsPKmGC-pgZEjU2OTw_m.jpg

Coyolxauqui

Form: volcanic Stone

Function: Represents the dismembered moon goddess who is placed at the base of the twin pyramids of Tenochtitlan

Content: Called she of golden bells because of the bells she wears as earrings; Aztecs dismembered enemies and threw them down the stairs of the great pyramid to land on this stone; Circular relief sculpture; Coyolxauqui and her many brothers plotted the death of her mother Coaticue who became pregnant after tucking a ball of feathers down her bosom; When Coyolxauqui chopped off her mother's head, a full grown child sprang for her body and dismembered Coyolxauqui who fell at the base of the shrine; Relationship between death and decapitation of Coyolxauqui with the sacrifice of enemies at the top of Aztec pyramids; once brilliantly painted

Context: 1469?

Period/Culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/O7-TDJ3Ddxzz.DpEyrXMyA_m.jpg

Calendar Stone

Form: basalt

Function: Altar for sacrafice

Content: Circular shape reflects cyclic nature of time; Place where rituals took place on certain days; Aztecs felt they needed to feed the Sun god human hearts and blood regularly; Tongue in the center of the stone coming from god's mouth was a sacrificial flint knife used to slash open victims; Used the stone as an altar to murder victims (then thrown down the stairs to the base where Coyolxauhqui stone rests

Context: No year given

Period/Culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/KdH1A7HdeU4rjXjKWTvwCA_m.png

Olmec-Style Mask

Form: jadeite

Function: Art for Art's sake

Content: Much older than the Olmecs; Olmec works have characteristic from on face; pugnacious visage; heavy lidded eyes; headgear suggested; shows the Aztec collected and embraced art from other cultures

Context: No year given

Period/Culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/TKbQ5TPQJ-s9-lSE1sBqgw_m.png

Ruler's Feather Headdress

Form: Feathers (quetzal and blue cotinga) and gold

Function: Headdress

Content: 400 long green feathers are the tales of sacred quetzal birds (Males produce only 2 feathers each); 400 symbolizes eternity; Only known feather headdress in the world; Part of a collection of artifacts given to Cortez for Charles V by Montezuma

Context: 1429-1520

Period/Culture: Mayan

https://o.quizlet.com/hkPq0Xj6bf.SnpmehTJh4w_m.jpg

Maize Cobs

Form: Sheet metal/repousse, gold and silver alloys

Function: May have been used to ensure a successful harvest

Content: Maize was principal food source in the Andes; celebrated by having sculptures fashioned out of sheet metal; Black maize common in Peru; oxidized silver reflects that; May have been part of a garden in which full sized metal plants were placed alongside plants;

Context: c.1400-1533

Period/Culture: Inkan

https://o.quizlet.com/2NIydouDZqA94nXFvpt21A_m.png

City of Cusco Plan

Form: City Plan

Function: Historic capital of the Incan empire

Content: made in shape of the puma, a royal animal; Modern plaza in place where puma's belly would be; head is a fortress; heart is a central square

Context: c.1440

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/mqtG6tRKbHARydw6FCvgQg_m.png

Qorikancha

Form: Sandstone

Function: Main temple, Church, and convent of Santo

Content: Remains of Inkan Temple of the Sun form the base of the Santa Domingo convent built on top; Original exterior walls of temple decorated in gold to symbolize sunshine; Ashlar masonry: carefully grooved and beveled edges of the stone fit together; Golden enclosure; once was most important temple in Incan world; Once was an observatory for priests to chart the skies; Interior courtyard said to have been entirely covered in gold; walls taper upwards (Incan trapezoidal architecture)

Context: c. 1440

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/K633ppGhU8FtUF8HPNwpwA_m.jpg

Walls at Saqsa Waman

Form: Sandstone (ashlar masonry)

Function: Head of puma shaped plan of Cusco

Content: Ramparts contain stones weighing up to 70 tons, brought from a quarry 2 miles away

Context: c.1440

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/pyTGm-lPkMt6HLRCUzIG0w_m.png

Machu Picchu

Form: granite

Function: Functioned as a royal retreat

Content: Estate of 15th century Incan Rulers; Probably not used for administrative purposes b/c it was so remote; Buildings built of stone with perfectly carved rock rendered in precise shapes and grooves together; thatched roofs; 200 buildings, mostly houses; some temples, palaces, or baths; even an astronomical observatory; most use the basic trapezoidal shape; People farmed on terraces

Context: 1450-1540

Period/Culture: Incan

https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3444/3839570840_3b6090880f_m.jpg

Observatory at Machu Picchu

Form: granite

Function: Used to chart sun's movements

Content: ashlar masonry

Context: 1450-1540

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/kNAL6QBZLNxEQGE8jHeLnQ_m.jpg

Intihuatana Stone

Form: Granite

Function: Used to signify the time for Incan ceremonies

Content: aligns with sun at the spring and autumn equinoxes when the sun stands directly over the pillar, creating no shadow

Context: 1450-1540

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/OI8UYrO-4RDNOjP7p-TknA_m.png

All-T'oqapu Tunic

Form: camelid fiber and cotton

Function: Tunic

Content: Rectangular shape; slit in the center for the head, tunic is folded in half and the sides are swen for the arms; Composed of small rectangular shapes called t'oqapu; Individual t'oqapu may symbolize individuals, events or places. Contains a large amount of t'oqapu. Indicated the status of the individual; may have been worn by Incan ruler; exhibits preference for abstract designs, standardization of designs and expression of unity and order.

Context: 1450-1540

Period/Culture: Incan

https://o.quizlet.com/sT7eyrZEdjAc2BJ9oVxT-Q_m.jpg

Bandolier Bag

Form: beadwork on leather

Function: Bag

Content: Has large heavily beaded pouch with slit on top; held at hip level; strap across the chest; Constructed of trade cloth: cotton, wool, velvet or leather; beadwork not done in Americas before European contact; Beads imported from Europe; made for women (objects of prestige); Native American and European motifs; Functional and Beautiful

Context: c.1850

Period/Culture: Lenape Tribe

https://o.quizlet.com/mWGtvqOCrOewOBY.hjjeAw_m.png

Transformation Mask

Form: wood, paint, and string

Function: Part of traditional costume

Content: Worn by people of the Pacific Northwest; Worn over head as part of full body costume; wearer opens and closes the mask with strings; Opening the mask reveals another face inside; Bird exterior opens to reveal human face; Performer turns his back to the audience to conceal the transformation and heighten mystery

Context: Late 19th Century

Period/Culture: Kwakiutl

https://o.quizlet.com/i/mTcCLzYh_fi1qW8A0zKakA_m.jpg

Hide Painting of a Sun Dance

Form: painted Elk Hide

Function: Worn as robe over the shoulders of the warrior (celebrated warrior's deed) (conveyed biographical details; personal accomplishments; heroism; battles

Content: Men painted hides to narrate an event; eventually painted hides for European and American markets; Depicted traditional aspects of the Plains people that were nostalgic rather than practical (Bison hunt with bow and arrow- nomadic hunting gone, bison nearly extinct); Bison considered to be gifts of the Creator; Horses liberated the plains people c. 1750; Sun Dance conducted around a Bison Head (outlawed by US government); Men dance, sing, prepare the feast, drum, and construct a lodge; Teepee: made of hide stretched over poles; exterior poles reach the spirit world or sky; fire represents the heart; doorway faces east to face a new day

Context: c.1890-1900 Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)

Period/Culture: Eastern Shosone

https://o.quizlet.com/MwD7FdIJyqmTpEaRyHtKfg_m.jpg

Black-on-Black Cermaic Vessel

Form: Ceramics

Function: Art for art's sake

Content: Black on black vessels; Highly polished surfaces; Contrasts of shiny and matte finishes; Comes from the 1000 year old tradition of pottery in the Southwest; at the time of production, pueblos were in decline; modern life replacing traditional life; Their worked sparked a revival of pueblo techniques; Maria made pots (developed and invented more shapes than traditional pueblos); Julian painted pots (uses a revival of ancient mythic figures and designs); Exceptional symmetry; walls of even thickness; surfaces are free of imperfections

Context: mid-20th Century Maria Martinez and Julian Martinez

Period/Culture: Puebloan

https://o.quizlet.com/NC8lunrqT5NqwZ1FyvDQOQ_m.jpg

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