American History Chapter 29 Terms

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

to protest at lunch counters that served only whites, African Americans students began staging this

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

1st black graduate of University of Mississippi. He was shot during his March Against Fear Campaign. Martin luther king and Carmichael helped finish the program

(1964) law under Johnson that made segregation illegal in all public facilities, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Movement of northern college students to enter the south and register blacks to vote; three were killed

A delegate of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party who had lost her job on a cotton plantation when she tried to register to vote. She told the convention of her experiences in one voter drivel including a beating in jail.

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase "Black Power". Broke off from the nonviolent movements.

..., A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

11 member commission established by President Johnson to investigate causes of the race riots in the US

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson persuaded many reluctant members of Congress to support the law.

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities