Prince Henry the Navigator
-Prince of Portugal -gave financial support to explorers
Vasco de Gama
-Portugese sailor -first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
Christopher Columbus
-Italian navigator -discovered the New World in 1492
Juan de Onate
-Spanish explorer and conquistador -founder of the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico
Pope
-tried to organize an uprising to drive the Spanish from the colony and restore the Natives' traditional autonomy
Walter Raleigh
-founded Roanoke
John Smith
-English explorer -helped found Jamestown -Pocahontas' lover
Powhatan
-Native American chief -Pocahontas' father - ____ Confederacy
Nathaniel Bacon
-Governor Berkley's cousin -started a rebellion -worked with yeomen farmers, indentured servants, and slaves -burned Jamestown to the ground
John Winthrop
-governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony -Puritan -"City on a Hill" = better society in the NW
Roger Williams
-wanted separation of church and state -banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony -founded the colony of Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson
-disagreed with the Puritan Church -was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony -joined Rhode Island colony
King Phillip
-chief of the Wompanowogs -led a series of battles against the colonists in New Hampshire
William Penn
-founded Pennsylvania so his people could live free from religious persecution -Quaker
James Edward Oglethorpe
-founded Georgia -wanted the poor people to have better lives
John Punch
-black indentured servant -worked on a tobacco farm -tried to escape -sentence was enslavement for life
Frances Driggers
-won her case against her master, who wrongfully impregnated her -was free until she became impoverished -bound herself to another household
John Locke
-English philosopher -thought people should criticize their government -thought people had the natural right to "life, liberty, and property"
Jonathan Edwards
-preacher during The Great Awakening -spoke of fire and brimstone, how sinners go to Hell - wrote "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God"
Benjamin Franklin
-led the Albany Congress -helped navigate the French support for the American Revolution
George Washington
-1st president -commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
William Pitt
-Prime Minister of England -won the French and Indian War -increased British troops and military supplies in the colonies -known as the "Great Commoner"
Samuel Adams
-founder of the Sons of Liberty -signed the Declaration of Independence -John Adams' cousin
The Atlantic World
-Western Europe, West Africa, and America -creation began mid-1400s -trade networks
Columbian Exchange
-biological exchange between Europe, Africa, and the Americas -animals, plants, disease
Characteristics of Spanish Colonization
-Nuevo Mexico -Spanish conquistadores conquered natives in the Americas -encomienda system -caste system based on race -Christianization/Catholicization -exportation of resources
Encomienda System
-the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area
Miscegenation
-the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types
Characteristics of English Colonization
-mercantilism -joint stock companies -the Virginia Colony --"Starving Time"
Mercantilism
-unfree trade, state regulated industry and commerce --colonies supplised raw materials --mother country made the products --products sold to colonies for profit
Joint Stock Companies
-private corporations in which merchants pool their money and resources for investment purposes --capital obtained by selling stock --trade routes and new markets --usually operated independently from government
Changes in Virginia after the "Starving Time"
-shift toward agriculture and unfree labor -Headright system (land distribution) -settlers have "rights of Englishmen" -more English women and Africans come -huge tobacco boom
Indentured Servant
-person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America
Bacon's Rebellion
-Virginia's wealthy planters refused to improve interior lands -unhappy farmers took up arms against natives -rebels burn Jamestown to the ground -most rebels pardoned, 23 hanged
Life in New England
-21,000 people came in the Great Migration -population increased -90% of all children reached adulthood -wealthy families dominated the colonies
Woman in New England
-most were hardworking farm wives - domesticity -pretty much did everything on the farm while taking care of children -homebound -had legal disadvantages --could not own land
Witches in New England
-thought to have signed a contract with Satan -the accused were mostly the assertive, independent, or promiscuous -Salem Witch Trials --20 people were executed, 150 put in jail --3/4 were women
Pennsylvannia's Early Legal System
Slaves of New Netherland
-Atlantic creoles
1662 Virginia Slave Law
-determined whether someone was a slave or not by the condition of the mother
South Carolina's Economy
-based on unfree labor -slavery/plantation system came from the Caribbean
The Stono Rebellion
-some slaves broke into a gun store -tried to escape to Florida -more slaves join on the way -were finally caught -many were shot/decapitated to be made an example of
The First Great Awakening
-period of heightened religious activity in the colonies
Imperial Rivalries
-the clash between Britain and France for control in North America -caused the French and Indian War -Treaty of Paris
Consequences of the French and Indian War
-France had to surrender all major NW colonies to Britain and Spain
British Nationalism after the French and Indian War
-imperial oppression/imperial reform began -thought colonists should help pay for the costs of the war -The Coercive Acts
The Boston Massacre
-colonists and redcoats taunted each other -British shots were fired, killed 5 colonists
The Sons of Liberty
-organization of men in Boston that protested the Stamp Act by inflicting terror upon stamp agents and burning stamps
First Continental Congress
-delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence -sought to repeal Coercive Acts -adopted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Currency Act, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Boston Port Act
-Coercive Acts
The Quebec Act
-prohibited local assembly -made Catholicism the official religion -gave control of the Ohio Valley
Creation of Race in the Colonial Americas
-caste system based on race -slaves were the lowest, wealthy white men were the highest
Native American Resistance Colonization
-either peaceful (treaties, trading, etc.) or violent (wars, attacks, etc.). -neither was ultimately successful as most native peoples lost their land
DNN: Atlantic creoles, half freedom, no interracial couples V: slowly losing more rights, becoming harder to become free, if mother was a slave then child was too SC: slaves were property and not people, task system, system came from the Caribbean
Comparison of Slavery in Dutch New Netherland, Virginia, and South Carolina