Political aims of the South during the Civil War
All the south had to do was get the North to accept the existence of the CSA
Political aims of the North during the Civil War
Had to make the South surrender and admit defeat
Culture of the white south
Believed the North was inferior and dominated by immigrants
Geography of the civil war in the south
Had the benefit of interior lines of communications, as well as the support of the local population
President of the Confederate states
Jefferson Davis
Military commander of the South
Robert E. Lee
What did Lincoln do after the CSA fired on fort Sumter
Called for a blockade of the coastline of the seceded states and requested 75,000 volunteer soldiers to enlist for 3 months
Who did Lincoln initially appoint for the union's general-in-chief
Winfield Scott
What was the goal of the Confederacy
Secure independence from the North and to establish an independent nation
What was the goal of the Union
Initial goal was to reconcile the union and the final goal was to abolish slavery
The workers that went on strike during 1919 were thought to be led by who
Communists who sought revolution in the USA
which immigrants were identified with communism
eastern and southern immigrants from Europe
how does John D. Rockefeller associate with the communists
there were multiple assassination attempts on high-profile Americans such as him (a billionaire)
red scares that followed the first World War and the wake of the Russian Revolution that included 6000 arrests were known as what
Palmer Raids
Define Palmer Raids
mass arrests of suspected revolutionaries
what did Palmer announce that contributed to the red scare but did actually follow through
there was to be a huge communist demonstration in New York
Americans who supported executions believed what
foreigners throughout the U.S. would not adopt their ways and were determined to overthrow the U.S.
contributions to the red scare included what 3 type of people
immigrants, communist, and anarchist
example of anarchist that contributed to the red scare
Sacco and Vanzetti who were Italian immigrants that were accused of carrying out an armed robbery in boston and later executed
what were communists blamed for
bombs being mailed to business and government officials
Who supposedly became the leaders of the nation during the industrial revolution in the U.S.
industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and financiers such as J.P. Morgan
how did Carnegie do good with his fortune
gave away much of his fortunes to charitable foundations and libraries
how were natural resources able to be exploited after the civil war
improved communications and development of railways such as the Transcontinental Railway
what factors helped industrial revolution in the U.S.
the U.S. was rich in natural resources, there was westward expansion, and massive immigration
what did high tariffs do
kept out foreign goods
what are tariffs
taxes on imported goods
where was the center of the iron industry
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
where was the leading oil producer? and how much was it producing?
Oklahoma / 25% of the nation's oil
define vertical integration
where the firm controls all the stages in production and marketing of its product
2 examples of vertical integration
Thomas Edison and Henry Ford
what are companies that control manufacture, supplies, and prices to ensure other firms cannot compete thereby guaranteeing maximum profit for themselves
trusts and monopolies
how controlled steel in America
Andrew Carnegie
how did many Americans react to trusts
they saw them as un-American because smaller businesses could not compete
how did governments respond to big business
enacted the interstate commerce act and the anti-Sherman trust act
what is the interstate commerce act
suggested that all railroad charges should be reasonable causing railroad companies to publish their rates
define Sherman anti trust act
declared any trust that restricted trade between states or foreign nations illegal
how was the interstate commerce act not effective
it could not set rates
how was the Sherman anti trust act not effective
the terms were vague and weakened by supreme court ruling
What were the 3 military strategies of the south?
Passive defense, withdrawal, and offensive-defensive
What was the south trying to accomplish through passive defense?
to protect the south's borders
What was the south trying to accomplish through withdrawal?
To draw Northern forces into the South where they could be isolated and defeated
What was the south trying to accomplish through offensive-defensive
To attack the North in certain areas while withdrawing in other areas and finally fighting a defensive battle
What were the 4 military strategies of the north?
Strangle the south, provide a barrier in the north, set up a naval blockade, and gain control of the Mississippi River
What was a plan to defeat the rebellion by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi river that would cut off and isolate the south from the outside world?
Anaconda Plan
Who came up with the Anaconda Plan?
Winfield Scott
How was Robert E. Lee the "greatest of the Southern generals" (name 3 points) ?
Could validly judge an enemy's strength and location, was able to move his army many miles quickly, and knew when to attack and withdraw
Where did Grant and Lee both graduate from?
West Point
Was Lee in favor of slavery?
No he actually set his own slaves free, but believed that his state's rights were more important than the Union
Who had more resources? The north or the south?
north
What could the north easily do that the south struggled with?
had the ability to finance, equip, and transport twice as many soldiers than the South even had
how many people were in the north compared to the south?
22 million in the north, 9 million in the south
What did the north have over 80% of that the south did not have?
Wheat and oats
List 3 thing that the north had more of
10x Industrial production capacity, 2x miles of railroad track, and 6x factories
What's the south's economic weapon against the north?
cotton
What 5 advantages did the South over the north?
Advantage of defending, geographical location, slaves, psychological advantages, and interior lines of communication
How were slaves beneficial to the south during the civil war?
They would stay home and work while the white man went off to fight
How did cotton sales help the confederacy?
Enabled the south to be able to buy military supplies
What is the right of any person under arrest to appeal to a court of law before being detained: this ensures that no one is held without sufficient legal evidence?
Habeas Corpus
What means to liberate, or give freedom to, certain groups who are not allocated the same rights as other people?
emancipation
How did the suspension of habeas corpus help the union?
Kept the Border States in the union
What civil liberties did the south lose?
Habeas corpus causing there to be more power in the military
What were the 2 key points of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation?
Slavery would be allowed to continue and slaves would be set free in territories taken by the Union forces
Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
He believed that it would greatly weaken the CSA's war effort and strengthen the USA by increasing recruitment into its army
What diplomatic benefit did the Emancipation Proclamation have for the union?
Britain was more likely to support the North if it came out against slavery
How did the civil war impact life in the confederate states?
Economic hardship, social divisions, political divisions, and rebelling slaves
What occurred when the majority of the labor force refuses to work, often until their demands are met or a compromise is agreed?
general strike
How did slaves weaken the confederacy?
Slaves were going on general strikes
What type of political division was there in the south?
Union supporters remained in the south causing their presence to divide and weaken the CSA's war effort
What type of social division was there in the south?
To escape the deprivations of war, many whites that had no slaves began to resent the ability of the better-off
What economic hardship did the south experience?
The naval blockade by the North meant that the South's cash crop could not be exported to Britain and southerners suffered from inflation and food shortages
What type of people supported the war, but disliked Republican economic policies and Lincoln's violation of civil rights in wartime? They also joined the Republicans in the 1864 presidential election forming the National Union Party.
War Democrats
What did Lincoln require for southern states to reintegrate into the U.S. that was known as the 10 percent plan?
10% of southern electorate took a loyalty oath, support all existing act of congress relating to slavery, and allow some blacks to vote
Which amendment abolished slavery?
13th
How was Johnson's 10% plan different from Lincoln's?
50% electorate had to take an ironclad oath, excluded any role of future government from states that seceded, and demanded the abolishment of slavery
Which amendment addresses the equal protection and rights of former slaves?
14th
What imposed military rule across the south?
Reconstruction Acts
Which amendment gave all citizens on account of race or color the right to vote?
15th
How was reconstruction not successful?
Blacks in the south were denied the vote and education
Which compromise was a secret deal between the Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats that if the Republicans could have the presidency, the Democrats would be allowed to control the Southern states which would lead an end to reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
Although slaves were technically free, how were they still trapped?
By great poverty (worked as sharecroppers) and racism
What did the Jim Crow laws cause?
Racial segregation
What were local and state laws that enforced racial segregation? For example, separate schools, drinking fountains, and public toilets?
jim crow laws
What was one main reason corporations emerged?
There was a complete absence of any rules or regulations
What was congress largely dominated by and highly responsive to?
Dominated by business interests and responsive to the needs of US industry and overseas trade
Who was responsible for the electric light bulb and the first industrial research laboratory?
Thomas Edison
Why is the Gilded Age known as the Gilded Age?
Mark Twain named the age this because its relative prosperity functioned as a thin layer of gold masking serious social problems beneath the surface
What was an alliance of US farmers committed to fighting monopolies over grain transport and storage?
Grangers
Who were a more radical and democratic group, in favor of a wide range of social reforms?
Populists
What was the panic of 1873?
American banking system was in poor conditions, New York Stock Exchange had to close, and unemployment temporarily soared
What was the panic of 1893?
unexpected bankruptcies in industries, ranging from banks to railways plus a shortage of cash
What was the Panic of 1907?
failure of a large trust that led to the collapse of banks
Who helped during the panic of 1907
President Roosevelt and the great financier JP Morgan prevented the crisis from spreading
Where di Northern European immigrants tend to go in the U.S.
west
What started in Russia, and spread to parts of Eastern Europe by the late 19th century? These pogroms were violent, state-condoned mob attacks on Jews and their properties.
anti-Semitic pogroms
Why did some Americans not like immigrants
saw them as an obstacle to reform, kept wages down, and businesses used them as strike breakers
What were 2 major problems with rapid urbanization
spread of slums and the establishment of corrupt and inefficient systems for managing these new cities
What were the 10 reasons for the progressive movement
unemployment, no welfare system, bad living and working conditions, serious decline of agriculture, failings of political parties, trusts and monopolies, fear of revolution, desire for women's rights, criticism from journalists and writers, and rise in immigration
What were two sever and vital utilizes that were totally absent in some areas of urbanization
clean water and sewage disposal
broadly, what did the progressives want
greater regulation of business by federal or state government and to protect citizens against business exploitation
Which amendment advocated an income tax
16th
which amendment allowed for direct election of senators
17th
which amendment prohibited alcoholic beverages
18th
which amendment gave women the right to vote
19th
about how many important acts passed under Woodrow Wilson
around 10
about how many constitutional changes occurred under Woodrow Wilson? Which amendment did he start with
4, 16th
