AICE European History ALL VOCABULARY

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.

Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature.

Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

Led the Mountains with Robespierre-also executed with Robespierre.

Napoleon's painter-painted the famous portrait of Napoleon's coronation.

Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.

Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister-demanded control over the King's finances -he refused and dismissed them-sat as three segregated groups.

Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances.

One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. More moderate than the opposing Mountains, led by Robespierre, they represented the countryside.

Followed the storming of the Bastille-people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion.

Fast and relatively humane-used for mass executions.

Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems. Two main functions: enforce royal orders and weaken the power of the regional nobility.

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.

King of France-executed for treason by the National Convention in 1793-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.

Louis XVI's wife and sister of Leopold of Austria - executed.

A very radical Jacobin and member of the National Assembly-led the Mountains-began and led the Committee of Public Safety-began the Reign of Terror. He was executed in 1794 during the Thermidoean Reaction.

(without breeches) Petty laborers and laboring poor who were not part of the National Convention - wore pants, not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.

Taken by the National Assembly-stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.

Clergy. Less than 1% of the population

Nobility. Roughly 2% of the population.

Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.

A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.

The old order before the Revolution in France

The killing of the king

Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.

English feminist author who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women.

1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

(1806-12)French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.

(1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties

Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.

France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.

A vote of the people.

Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo.

(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

British representative at Congress of Vienna.

The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.

Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.

Believed that public problems should dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote, Principles of Morals and Legislation.

Inventor of the modern power loom.

Agitation against poor laws-working class discontent.

1799 and 1800-made trade unionism illegal.

Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-basis of Socialism.

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.

Refined pig iron-puddling furnace-heavy rolling mills

British Conservative-extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base.

Condition of Working Class in England- society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.

Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit.

French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.

About 1705 invented spinning jenny

New inventions, cotton and iron-changed small businesses beyond all recognition.

Inventor of flying shuttle, (1733).

Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay.

German - father of socialism-emancipation of women-Communist Manifesto.

1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.

Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.

Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.

Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections-6 main points.

1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.

1832, Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs.

1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.

Ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.

British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.

(r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".

The federal council of Austrian government.

Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.

A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.

1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.

1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.

(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.

Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.

The base ideas of liberty and equality.

Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.

Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.

Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.

Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.

Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.

1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.

The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.

Local assemblies in Russia.

Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.

Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.

Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".

Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".

Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.

Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.

One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.

exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good.

Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world.

(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.

(1885) Meeting in Berlin, called by Bismarck to regulate European colonization of Africa - led to the scramble for Africa.

Conflict in Africa between France and Britain.

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Relationship between 2 states in which the understood to be stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.

In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.

1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. saw the world as Eurocentric and criticized the "white man's" need to westernize other cultures.

Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.

Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.

Ultra Nationalist, Serbian Society founded in 1911. Secretly supported by members of the Serbian government.

Forced recruitment of civilians into the army to meet the needs of war.

Last Austrian Emperor abdicated Nov. 1918. The next day Austria was declared a Republic as was Hungary

(1904) Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Not becoming involved in global or regional events.

French general led the French at the Battle of the Marne in 1914.

Germany. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.

1896, William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the Jamison Raid. Alerted Britain of the dangers from Germany.

Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.

Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations.

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.

A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.

After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing.

the last tsar. Wanted supreme rule of army and government. Led the armies to defeat. Forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Duma.

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the war. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.

Negotiated by the Big Three Germany was stripped of colonies Alsace and Loraine given back to France. Poland was reconstituted as a state. Polish corridor would split Prussia from Germany. The Saar region would be French for 15 years. Heavy repercussions (not specified until later.)

1916 German assault on the French fortress- turned into a battle of attrition France won.

1914, Great Britain, France, and Russia.

President Wilson's Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self-determination and the rights of the small countries. Freedom of the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten."

U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.

German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.

Issued by the Petrograd Soviet shipped offices of their authority and placed the power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.

In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.

"Majority group"

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".

Uprising in Russia mainly soldiers soon suppressed-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement inspired by ideology.

Popular parliament.

Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.

Wanted to be the savior of Russia. Tried to stage a coup-demanded the resignation of all ministers Kerensky ordered him to turn over command. But soldiers refused to follow him.

Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base. Suppressed by the military. After the revolt Lenin introduced the N.E.P.

Bolsheviks become the leaders of Russia.

'Minority group'.

Peasant village assembly responsible to the government.

Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.

Lenin's slogan in the Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.

The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.

Between Hitler and Japan; offered security against Russia.

August 1941; called for peace without territorial expansion or secret agreements, and for free elections, and self - determination for all liberated nations.

Called by the Allies in 1943 to discuss strategy against Germany. Resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. Also called for an invasion of Italy and Sicily by British and American troops to ease the pressure on Russia.

(1937-1940; gullible British Prime Minister; at the Munich Conference he declared he had secured "peace for our time" He declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland. Forced to resign in 1940 after the German invasion of France.

1874-1965; greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech in 1946; led the British during World War II; agreed Hitler should be conquered; was thrown out in the election of 1945.

June 6, 1944; Americans and British forces under General Dwight Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy; this was history's greatest naval invasion.

Turning point for Germany in the war. From July 1942 to January 1943 after initial success the Russians recaptured the city.

French leader of the radical socialists; accepted Hitler's terms for peace and reluctant to declare war in 1939.

Spanish nationalist General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Room to move. Phrase used by Hitler to justify invasion of other countries. First espoused in Mein Kampf.

In 1941, the US lent money and resources to the European states to help reconstruction.

Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.

1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.

Anabaptists laid great stress on this; they would not run for office or serve in the armed forces; not being involved in many wars.

Brought forward many differences over east Europe; postwar conference in July of 1945; Stalin would not allow any type of freely elected government in east European countries; Roosevelt had died and was succeeded by Harry Truman, who demanded free elections.

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral if either country were to become involved in war; August 1939. Was supposed to last 10 years, but Hitler invaded Russia in 1941.

Communist statesman; leader of Bolshevik Party; became ruler of USSR after Lenin; assumed full military and political leadership.

Hitler wanted German speaking people in West Czech; this would be given to Germany.

Meeting in 1943; Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill; confirmed their defense to crush Hitler.

On the Black Sea; the Big Three met in February 1945 in southern Russia; it was agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the soviet Union in the form of agricultural and industrial goods; when the Big Three met in 1945 at Yalta in southern Russia they agreed that east European governments were to be freely elected but pro-soviet.

Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany.