9th Grade World History Final Exam

an object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or other relic from an earlier period

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

all the knowledge and values shared by a society

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers.

(archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

Belief of many gods.

a system of writing using symbols or pictures

a group of countries under a single authority

a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader

(Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus

belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death

the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus

powerful pharaoh who kept Egypt together during invasion; helped to regain control of Palestine

A Chinese philosopher of the Zhou Dynasty, developed a code of behavior based on old traditions, good behavior, and truth.

A road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire

a great war fought between Greece and Troy

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

assembly possessing high legislative powers

Aging but successful and overconfident. He has over-reached himself; he is vain. Has recently suffered from a fever in Spain and is now slightly deaf and epileptic (according to Cassius). He is boastful and is subject to flattery. He is not a coward. Ambitious and concerned about his public image. A clever judge of men. Has military power and is generous and just. Tends to forget his human limitations in his ambition for power. Becomes ruthless and overconfident. After he is stabbed his humanity returns. As he dies, he is not an ambitious, vain man. He is more concerned of the noble love of his friend, Brutus, than anything else.

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel. A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.

an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles)

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

acceptance of religious differences

A government in which a central authority controls the running of a state.

government workers

the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

Belief that spirits inhibit everything

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

Muslim name for the one and only God

The prophet and founder of Islam

the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life

the legal code of ancient Rome

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning

A place where monks live, pray and eat in solitary.

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

(Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.

any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims

This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

the lawmaking body of British government

the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.

a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

Descendants of a common ancestor

based on or tracing descent through the female line

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

They blended hunting and agriculture in the Eastern Woodlands

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

A king or queen with complete authority over the government and people in a kingdom

belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

English mathematician and physicist

this document was adopted by the second continental congress on July 4, 1776. it established the 13 colonies as independent states, free from rule by great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document

Jacobin leader who slowly gained power in 1793, he set out to build a republic of virtue by wiping out every trace of France's past; later became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety through which he governed France like a dictator and implemented the Reign of Terror

a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat

a person who has conservative ideas or opinions

a person who generally believes the government should take an active role in the economy and in social programs but that the government should not dictate social behavior

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

A social and political philosophy based on the belief that democratic means should be used to evenly distribute wealth throughout a society

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

the right to vote

Prejudice against Jews

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

a human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

Belief that one race is superior to another

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry

an alliance between Great Brittan, Russia, and France

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Palestinian Liberation Organization; formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

the worldwide computer system that allows communication and information sharing among people

international trade free of government interference

The interconnected economies of the nations of the world

A person who has to leave his or her country to find safety.

the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature

process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties