This chapter will consist of five parts; (1) Background of the study, (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms and (5) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background and Conceptual Framework, will present the reason for choosing the problem, will present the background and basis of conducting this study, and the variables that are associated with the effect of the efferent household waste.Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, will present the general and specific objectives of the study that will describe the purposes for conducting the study and will enumerate the hypotheses to be tested. Part Three, Significance of the Study, will elaborate the benefits that will derive from the future findings of the study and the persons who will benefit from them.
Part Four, Definition of Terms, will present the conceptual and operational definition of key terms and the variables that will use in the study. Part Five, Scope andDelimitation of the Study, will specify the limitation as well as the boundaries of the research in terms of the variables, materials and statistical tools that will be used in the study. Background of the Study Farming is one of the habits that people who love plants do. For some it becomes a source of income and for our country, the Philippines, which most of 7,107 island where mostly fertile lands, is the main source of living.
However, several problems about plants and insects relationships become one of the concerns of our farmers.One of them is the infestation of aphids. It might be quite sound so simple but this robber is so serious and alarming that it needs immediate response. Aphids are small insects that feed on plant Juices, attacking leaves, stems, buds, flowers, fruit, and/or roots, depending on species.
Most especially like succulent or new growth. Some, such as the green peach aphid, feed on a variety of plants, while others, such as the rosy apple aphid, focus on one or Just a few plant hosts. The Old Farmers Almanac, 2014) Plants exhibiting aphid damage can have a variety of symptoms, such as decreased growth rates, mottled leaves, yellowing, stunted growth, curled leaves, rowing, wilting, low yields and death. The removal of sap creates a lack of vigor in the plant, and aphid saliva is toxic to plants.
Aphids frequently transmit disease- causing organisms like plant viruses to their hosts. (http://en. Wisped. Rag/wick/ Aphid) This situation if not controlled can greatly affect the production of crop yields especially on vegetables which could decline its supply and increase its price leaving the consumers an expensive vegetable meals.
One of the plants that aphids love to hang out in the farm is on the yard-long beans or commonly known to us as sitar. They are a good source of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, iron, phosphorus, and potassium, and a very good source for vitamin C, foliate, magnesium, and manganese. (http://en. Kipped.
Org/wick/ Vagina_uncalculating_subs. _espadrilles) They are usually used as one of the ingredients in Singing and karee-karee dishes. But most Filipinos are fond of Audubon sitar menu. On the other hand, a lot of people today were conscious and being practical in looking for an alternative sources in maintaining healthy food crops and productivity that can sustain the everyday living and nutritional value given by those lands.
Many farmers will not use synthetic pesticides, and some consumers will only buy organic produce.Mass production farms rely on synthetic pesticides, however, because they are cheaper than organic ones. When farmers used pesticides such as EDT and immolation, there was little understanding of how dangerous and long- lasting these chemicals are. It was only later that the degree to which these pesticides remain in the environment was discovered (Carson). Archaeopteryx's designed to affect the brain and nervous system of insects, sometimes damage those of humans and animals. Http://www.
Amah. Rag/learn-teach/young-naturalist-awards/ winning-essays/2011 -winning-essays/plant-extracts-as-natural-insecticides There are three trees that are common in our country which I believed can be a big help regarding these problems. Their availability throughout the year and its potential to kill pests are my bases on why I chose these plants. They are Algae (Preamp doormat blanch), Smelling (Smelling arboreal) , and Enemy trees. Algae is a tree that is only found in the Philippines.
It grows wild on Mat. Bananas and in many other places in the Philippines.For many years now, Algae has been considered a drug in the Philippines, being used to loosen phlegm and relieve coughs. It is also claimed to benefit tuberculosis and headaches. Its other properties are criminate, parasitic, codifier, and pectoral.
Algae is one of the great medicinal herbs of the Philippines. (http:// www. filipinoherbshealingwonders. filipinovegetarianrecipe.
Com/algae. HTML) Smelling arboreal L. (Family: Overbalance) is a tropical,evergreen perennial tree growing over 20 m high.The tree has high alkaloid content particularly in the fruit, stem bark and tot and some little amount in the leaves (Madam Augustine personal communication) and is less attacked by insect pests all through the season probably due to its high alkaloid and tannin contents.
Liquid from the fruits has been found to be toxic to larvae of moths and butterflies (Operate A. M. Unpublished). In Nigeria, the stem bark is boiled as a concoction for the treatment of chest and waist pain, lumbago and rheumatism (Madam Augustine personal com.
).The fruits are fermented and extracted for insecticidal purposes and sprayed on vegetable crops such as okra, pepper, eggplants, pumpkins and melons by peasant farmers in the eastern Nigeria. The tree is grown in the Nigerian savannas to provide shade and for sheltered establishment. The wood is soft and used in the manufacture of pulp for newsprint production and cardboard. (Allophones Mambo Operate, 2005) Reaching rapid heights and one of the fastest pioneer tree species is the Baggage (Amelia tibia synonymous to Amelia composite) from the family Malice.Its English name according to the book, A Pictorial Cyclopedia of Philippine Ornamental Plants by Dry.
Domingo Maudlin is known as the Philippine enemy tree. In association with the "enemy", known to be an effective natural insecticide, I haven't noticed any pests or diseases in association with this species, which makes it a very good candidate for rain forestation projects. (http:// philippinenativeforesttrees. Bloodspot. Com/2010/09/Philippine-enemy- tree.
HTML#extensionally) In this, we will try to determine the effectiveness of these three different leaves extracts on the mortality of aphids habituated on yard-long beans.Figure no. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical Framework of the Study Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis of the Study Generally, the study will be conducted to determine and compare the effectiveness of these different leaves extracts on the mortality of aphids habituated on yard long beans. Specifically, this study is looking forward to answer the following questions: 1 .
Which treatment has the greatest number of mortality of aphids? 2. Which leaves extracts exhibit the most active insecticidal property? 3. Which treatment has the greatest number of mortality of aphids in terms of time? . Is there any significant difference in the extracts of the three different leaves on the mortality of aphids? 5. Is here a significant difference in the amount of time spent by the three plants on the mortality of aphids? The two (2) hypotheses that will be tested in this investigation are: 1. There is no significant difference in the extracts of the three different leaves on the mortality of aphids.
2. There is no significant difference in the amount of time spent by the three different leaves extracts on the mortality of aphids.Significance of the Study The result of this study will benefit the following: The plant-lovers, farmers, and future researchers. Plant-lovers.
They will be aware and informed that some abnormalities on their plants are caused by the aphids and can be treated through the use of organic pesticides found on trees along the street or in their yard. Farmers. Farmers use commercial pesticides to treat aphids on their crops which are expensive to maintain. Through this study, they will be able to know new ways to sustain the health of their crops.
Future Researchers.This study will benefit future researchers because they can use this as a reference if they wish to study the Effectiveness of Algae, Smelling,and Enemy Leaves Extracts on the Mortality of Aphids habituated on yard long beans. Definition of Terms The following terms will be defined conceptually and operationally in order to understand the following terms to be used in the study: Yearlong beans. Sitar (Vagina uncalculating, subspecies espadrilles) or (long bean, yard-long bean, snake bean) are sometimes referred to as being longer string beans which is incorrect.Apparently, according to several books I have consulted (Davidson, Deserts, Cost, etc. ); long beans are more closely related to black eyed peas than to string or pole beans.
Native to southern Asia, where is not known really, these beans hire in the tropical climates nearer the equator and are sensitive to colder air. They grow in abundance in Southeast Asia and are available almost year round. They are nutritious, delicious and affordable and figure prominently in the cuisines of southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Market, 2005) In this study, it is the plant that will be used to propagate aphids to be studied. This is where aphids will grow. And fruits of it will be put on Petri dishes during the application of treatments.
Plants leaves extracts A plant extract must, by definition, be obtained from a solid-liquid extraction. Solid- liquid extraction is defined as an operation to separate elements contained in a solid body by globalization with a solvent, and it may be followed by purification. The extract is contained in the solvent.If the solvent is an edible solvent, it is not necessary to dissociate it from the extract.
If the solvent is not an edible solvent, separation allows obtaining a dry extract. Http://www. Barker. Com/en/content/all- about-plant-extraction-1 5 In this study it will refer to the three different trees that possess insecticidal properties on their leaves: algae, smelling and enemy. Their individual extracts will be treated to different set ups determining its effectiveness on the mortality of aphids in terms of its spent time after has been sprayed.Laugh is a small hairy tree, 3 to 8 meters high.
Leaves are ovate to broadly ovate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, with broad, rounded, or somewhat heart-shaped base, and pointed tips. Under surface of the blade is usually covered with short hairs, aromatic when crushed. Flowers are greenish-white or nearly white, 4 to 5 millimeters long and borne on terminal inflorescence (comes) 8 to 20 centimeters in diameter. Fruit is leash, dark purple, rounded, about 5 millimeters in diameter. (Neil, 2005) Algae (Preamp doormat Verbenas) is endemic to the Philippines.
A couple of algae trees are planted in a garden and in a vacant lot along Backlog in Alabama Hills. Http://multimillionaire. Net/trees offlAlbanianlillswalgae AHTMLding to stuartextravagancethe Availability of this plant is WildcrWildcattede plants have been grown wild in nature without human intervention and harvested for food or medicinal purposes. (WikipeWispedhis study, Leaves will be the collected and extracted through the use of blender nd filNDation, in which product will be tested as an insecticidal source.GmelinSmellingnaMelindaneYeomaninSmellingearborealnVernacularum size tree to 18 meters tall.
The simple leaves have 2 or 3 glands at the base. The flowers are brownish yellow. The fruit has a fleshy yellow pulp with one seed. A native of India and the Malay Peninsula, it was introduced in the Philippines after the Second World War as a reforestation species, and is now widespread in the country.
The wood is used for furniture making. http:/HttpilamultimillionaireTrNet 0f Aloffg AlbanianlillsmsmellingMoHTMLiEnemyn this study, it will refer to the death of aphids when treatments were introduced.Time In this study, it will refer to the time spent of aphids Mortality on a treatment. Habituated Delimitation of the Study This study will cover and will be limited only in determining the effectiveness of the different Organic leaves extracts on the morality of aphids habituated on yardlong beayearlongbasis for determining the effects will be observe physically by the movement of its body and the time spent of its death. This study will be conducted on Filamer ChriFlamerniversity laboratory and FilBioScieniFalsificationarden.
There will be (2) set-ups to be used in doing the experiment: the control set-up and the experimental set-up which were subjected to different leaves Extracts. Aphids in Treatment A, under the control group with 3 replications will be treated and watered by 500 mL water; Trmltment B with 3 replications, 500 mL rice wateml Treatment C with 3 replications, 500 mL dish watemland Treatment D with 3 replications, 500 mL fish wastml(water). The independent variables in the study are the different treatments of different while the dependent variables are the growth and yield of Abelmoschus Blabbermouthspesculents
